1. Yav dhau los, tam sim no thiab yav tom ntej ntawm cov khoom siv hlau
Theem 1 - Raw Steel Production
4300 BC: Ntuj kub, tooj liab thiab forging crafts
2800 BC: Hlau smelting
2000 BC: Kev vam meej ntawm bronze wares, chimes thiab riam phom (Shang, Zhou, Spring and Autumn and Warring States)
Eastern Han Dynasty: rov qab forging steel → feem ntau primitive deformation thaum tshav kub kub kev kho mob txheej txheem.
Quenching thev naus laus zis: "da dej da dej ntawm tsib tus tsiaj, quench nrog rog ntawm tsib tsiaj" (hnub no quenching, roj quenching).
King Fuchai ntawm Wu thiab King Goujian ntawm Yue
Bronze Dun thiab Zun daim hlau los ntawm Shang thiab Zhou Dynasties
Shang Dynasty Bronze Tib Neeg Lub ntsej muag nrog Longitudinal Qhov muag
Ib daim qauv ntawm lub tswb nrov ntawm Leigudun Tomb No. 2
Xyoo 1981, ib pawg Chime Tswb los ntawm Lub Sijhawm Warring States tau pom los ntawm Tomb No. 2 hauv Leigudun, Hubei Xeev, nrog cov suab nrov zoo thiab cov ntoo zoo nkauj. Nws tus naj npawb thiab teev yog thib ob tsuas yog Zeng Hou Yi chime tswb, nrog rau tag nrho ntau tshaj 5 octaves. Nws tuaj yeem hloov kho los ntawm nws tus kheej, thiab ntau lub suab paj nruag uas muaj tsib-tone, rau-tone thiab xya-tone nplai tuaj yeem ua si. Tsib tus neeg yuav tsum tau ua yeeb yam ua ke, thiab txhua lub suab tawm hauv kev sib koom ua ke, symphonic thiab sib tshooj, uas tsim nyog ua lub suab tsis sib xws ntawm cov suab paj nruag thaum ub.
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Qhov thib ob theem - lub hauv paus ntawm kev qhuab qhia ntawm cov khoom siv hlau
Teem lub hauv paus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hlau kev qhuab qhia: metallography, metallography, theem transformation thiab alloy steel, thiab lwm yam.
1803: Dalton tawm tswv yim atomic theory, Avogadro proposes molecular theory.
1830: Hessel tau npaj 32 hom siv lead ua thiab nrov rau cov khoom siv lead ua.
1891: Cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Russia, Lub teb chaws Yelemees, Britain thiab lwm lub teb chaws ywj pheej tsim cov txheej txheem lattice txoj kev xav.
1864: Sorby npaj thawj daim duab metallographic, 9 zaug, tab sis tseem ceeb.
1827: Karsten cais Fe3C los ntawm cov hlau, thiab xyoo 1888 Abel tau ua pov thawj tias nws yog Fe3C.
1861: Ochernov tau npaj lub tswv yim ntawm kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau.
Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th: Martensite kev tshawb fawb tau dhau los ua fashionable, Gibbs tau txais cov theem kev cai lij choj, Robert-Austen nrhiav pom cov yam ntxwv zoo ntawm austenite, thiab Roozeboom tau tsim daim duab sib npaug ntawm Fe-Fe3C system.
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Qhov thib peb theem - kev loj hlob ntawm micro-organization txoj kev xav
Alloy phase diagram, invention and application of X-ray, tsim txoj kev xav dislocation.
1912: Tshawb pom X-rays, paub tseeb tias (δ)-Fe yog bcc, -Fe yog fcc; txoj cai daws teeb meem.
1931: Tshawb nrhiav kev nthuav dav thiab kev cog lus ntawm thaj av ntawm cov ntsiab lus alloying.
1934: Lavxias teb sab Polanyi, Hungarian Orowan thiab British Taylor ntawm nws tus kheej tau tawm tswv yim txog kev cuam tshuam los piav qhia cov yas deformation ntawm cov hlau; crystallography ntawm martensitic transformation.
1938: Lub tshuab ntsuas hluav taws xob tau tsim.
1910: Lub stainless hlau tau tsim, thiab F stainless hlau tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1912.
1990: Tsim lub Brinell hardness tester, Griffith tau hais tias kev ntxhov siab yuav ua rau microcracks.
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Qib plaub - kev kawm tob ntawm micro theory
Kev tshawb fawb tob tob txog kev tshawb fawb microscopic: kev tshawb fawb txog atomic diffusion thiab nws cov ntsiab lus; steel TTT nkhaus ntsuas; bainite thiab martensite transformation txoj kev xav tau tsim ib txoj kev xav ua tiav.
Tsim cov kev xav ntawm dislocation: Lub invention ntawm electron microscope prompitation ntawm lub thib ob theem nyob rau hauv steel, lub dislocation slip, thiab nrhiav tau ntawm tsis tiav dislocations, stacking faults, dislocation phab ntsa, substructures, Cottrell huab cua masses, thiab lwm yam. dislocation txoj kev xav. yuam kev txoj kev xav.
Cov cuab yeej tshawb fawb tshiab tau tsim tas li: electron sojntsuam, teb ion emission microscope thiab field electron emission microscope, scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), scanning tunneling microscope (STM), atomic force microscope (AFM), thiab lwm yam.
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2. Cov khoom siv hlau niaj hnub
Kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kev txhim kho cov khoom siv zoo tshaj plaws yog lub ntsiab lus nyob mus ib txhis.
Tsim cov khoom siv ua haujlwm siab: los ntawm kev nrhiav lub zog siab, kub ua haujlwm, tiv thaiv corrosion, thiab hnav tsis kam los txo cov khoom hnyav, txhim kho kev ua haujlwm, thiab txuas ntxiv kev pab cuam lub neej. Muaj ntau yam kev siv los ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw rau cov khoom siv, xws li aluminium matrix composites. Tsim kom muaj qhov kub thiab txias austenitic steels rau ntau yam kev siv.
Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom siv ib txwm muaj: Txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb yog kom muaj cov qauv zoo dua thiab ntau dua, cov ntaub ntawv ntshiab dua, thiab tsom mus rau cov khoom siv tes ua haujlwm. Cov "cov khoom siv hlau tiam tshiab" yog ob zaug muaj zog li cov ntaub ntawv hlau uas twb muaj lawm. Qhov xwm txheej "9.11" hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau nthuav tawm qhov tsis zoo rau kev kub siab ntawm cov khoom siv hlau siv hauv kev tsim kho, uas txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm high-strength kub dov hluav taws-resistant thiab huab cua-resistant steel.
Txhim kho lwm cov hlau ua haujlwm siab: siv ntau yam txheej txheem tshiab thiab cov txheej txheem tshiab los tsim cov cuab yeej tshiab nrog cov tawv tawv zoo thiab hnav tsis kam. Economical alloying yog ib txoj kev loj hlob ntawm high-speed steel, thiab kev txhim kho ntawm ntau yam kev kho deg technologies rau cov cuab yeej cuab tam yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov cuab yeej tshiab.
Advanced npaj technology: xws li hlau semi-tiav khoom technology, kev loj hlob thiab daim ntawv thov ntawm aluminium-magnesium alloy technology, kev txwv ntawm cov hlau uas twb muaj lawm thiab lub zog thiab toughening ntawm steel yog cov lus qhia ntawm kev siv zog.
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3. Kev txhim kho ruaj khov thiab cov qauv ntawm cov khoom siv hlau
Nyob rau hauv 2004, "Kev Lag Luam Cov Khoom Siv Hauv Lub Zej Zog Kev Lag Luam - Kev Txhim Kho Kev Txhim Kho ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Ua Lag Luam" tau npaj.
Microbial metallurgy: kev tsim khoom tsis muaj pov tseg, twb tau tsim tawm hauv ntau lub tebchaws. Tooj liab ua los ntawm microbial metallurgy hauv Tebchaws Meskas suav txog 10 feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov khoom tsim tawm, thiab hiav txwv squirts yog cog qoob loo hauv Nyij Pooj kom rho tawm vanadium. Cov dej hiav txwv yog cov dej ntxhia, thiab cov ntsiab lus alloying muaj nyob hauv dej hiav txwv tshaj 10 billion tons. Tam sim no magnesium, uranium thiab lwm yam khoom tuaj yeem muab rho tawm los ntawm dej hiav txwv. Kwv yees li 20 feem pua ntawm cov magnesium uas tsim nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no los ntawm cov dej hiav txwv, thiab lub tebchaws United States twb ua tau raws li 80 feem pua ntawm qhov kev thov rau hom magnesium no.
Kev lag luam khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab: Txhawm rau hloov kho raws li qhov xav tau ntawm lub sijhawm, sib koom ua ke ecological thiab ib puag ncig kev paub rau hauv kev tsim cov khoom thiab cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, txhim kho tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv, thiab txo qhov hnyav ntawm ib puag ncig hauv kev tsim khoom thiab siv. Tsim ib qho kev lag luam uas tsim lub voj voog tsim txiaj ntawm "peev txheej → khoom siv → ib puag ncig".
Cov kev taw qhia tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhim kho alloy yog qhov qis-alloying thiab dav dav-hom alloys, tsim cov khoom siv ntsuab / ecological system, uas yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev rov ua dua thiab rov ua dua cov ntaub ntawv. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los tshawb fawb thiab tsim cov khoom siv ntsuab thiab cov ntaub ntawv zoo ib puag ncig uas cuam tshuam nrog tib neeg lub neej.
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4. Titanium alloy yog hu ua "qhov chaw hlau" thiab "cov hlau yav tom ntej"
Titanium alloys muaj peev xwm tswj tau lub zog siab ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, thiab lawv cov kev tiv thaiv corrosion yog unrivaled. Titanium muaj ntau nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb (0.6 feem pua ). Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem rho tawm yog qhov nyuaj, tus nqi siab, thiab daim ntawv thov dav yog txwv. Titanium alloy yuav yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv hlau uas yuav ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb rau tib neeg lub xyoo pua 21st.
5. Cov hlau tsis muaj hlau
Cov peev txheej tab tom ntsib teeb meem loj ntawm kev txhim kho tsis ruaj khov, feem ntau yog vim muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau cov peev txheej, tus nqi siv qis, thiab kev ceeb toom pov tseg. Kev siv tshuab ua haujlwm hnyav rov qab, cov khoom siv high-end tsis muaj; Kev ua tiav tshiab yog tsawg, thiab kev lag luam qib siab ntawm kev ua tiav high-tech tsis siab. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj kev ua tau zoo thiab lawv cov txheej txheem siab heev yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, xws li: aluminium-lithium alloys, ceev solidification aluminium alloys, thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom siv hlau tsis yog hlau kuj yog cov kev taw qhia kev txhim kho.
