Loj-scale 3D luam ntawv muaj ntau yam technologies thiab cov ntaub ntawv, thiab tau siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam teb. Qhov tseeb, lub ntsiab txhais ntawm "loj" yog txheeb ze, thiab tsis muaj tus qauv ruaj khov. Feem ntau hais lus, tsev, nkoj thiab rooj tog loj yog txhua yam khoom loj. Loj-scale 3D luam ntawv tau maj mam dhau los ua lub hauv paus hauv kev lag luam raws li cov tuam ntxhab, cov kws ua yeeb yam, thiab cov lag luam xaiv 3D luam ntawv kom tau raws li lawv cov khoom lag luam loj. Cov neeg tsim khoom tawg los ntawm qhov loj ntawm 3D tshuab luam ntawv ib kauj ruam zuj zus, tawg los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ciam teb, thiab luam tawm ntau thiab ntau cov khoom loj. Yog li dab tsi yog daim ntawv thov thaj chaw loj 3D luam ntawv? Yuav ua li cas txog loj 3D tshuab luam ntawv?
Qhov loj ntawm cov khoom feem ntau yog nyob ntawm kev siv tshuab thiab cov ntaub ntawv, thiab nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum nrhiav qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov tseeb thiab qhov loj me, uas ua rau xaiv lub tshuab luam ntawv 3D txoj cai yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua tiav. Software kuj tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov khoom loj, vim tias txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los luam cov khoom loj yog feem ntau luam tawm rau hauv daim thiab sib sau ua ke. Cov khoom lag luam loj 3D luam tawm suav nrog tab sis tsis txwv rau cov khoom hauv qab no:
●Displays, props thiab signage
● Lub tsev thiab cov khoom vaj tsev
●Industrial thiab hlau qhov chaw
● Rooj tog thiab tsheb
△ Lub Naturalis Biodiversity Center hauv Netherlands muaj nws tus kheej 3D tshuab luam ntawv kuaj thiab siv ob lub Builder Extreme 1500 Pro 3D tshuab luam ntawv los ua ib tug replica ntawm Tyrannosaurus rex
●Lub tsev khaws puav pheej dinosaur tsis muaj Tyrannosaurus rex yeej tsis yog lub tsev khaws puav pheej tiag tiag! Raws li 3D scan ntawm qhov tseeb T. rex pob txha, Nyiv Dinosaur Tsev khaws puav pheej 3D luam tawm 12-meter-ntev, 5-meter-siab replica raws li ib feem loj luam tawm siv ob Builder Extreme loj-scale 3D tshuab luam ntawv siv PLA yas filament.
● Tsev khaws puav pheej curators, zaj duab xis teeb thiab prop designers, chaw ua si lom zem, kev sib tham thiab World Expo zaub manufacturers, thiab lwm yam. kuj xaiv loj-hom 3D tshuab luam ntawv kom ceev ntau lawm. Ntxiv rau qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev ceev thiab tus nqi zoo, lub khoos phis tawj-aid tsim (CAD) software kuj tseem ua lub luag haujlwm zoo, tsis tas yuav muaj cov duab puab lossis cov khoom tsim thib ob. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ntau yam khoom siv, los ntawm ultra-lub teeb ua npuas ncauj mus rau cov pa roj carbon-fiber-filled nylon uas muaj zog heev.
△ Tus kws kos duab npog plaster hla ib 17-ko taw-siab 3D-luam luam theej ntawm Michelangelo's David recreated rau Expo 2020 Dubai
●This 17-ko taw siab 3D-luam tawm Michelangelo's David tau nthuav tawm ntawm Expo 2020 Dubai los txhawb kev ncig xyuas hauv Florence. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua rau ib tug txaus loj polymer 3D tshuab luam ntawv los tsim ib tug tib replica nyob rau hauv ultra-nplua nuj nthuav dav, yog li nws tau muab faib ua 14 printable qhov chaw thiab ces sib sau ua ke ntawm tes, nrog lub marbled sab nrauv tes pleev xim rau. Sab hauv 3D luam tawm David yog lub lattice mesh qauv uas pab khaws nws qhov hnyav ntawm 550kg xwb, tseem muaj lub zog ntim thiab xa khoom kom zoo.
△ Lub teb chaws Yelemees Styles Werbetechnik siv Tractus3D loj-scale FDM tshuab luam ntawv los tsim cov ntawv ci ntsa iab sai dua li cov txheej txheem ib txwm muaj
●Styles Werbetechnik, lub tuam txhab German kos npe tsim khoom, tau xaiv cov tshuab luam ntawv loj 3D los tsim cov paib sab nraum zoov. Tsis tsuas yog lub tuam txhab xav kom ceev ntau lawm, tab sis nws kuj xav ua tsab ntawv ua nyob rau hauv-tsev, es tsis txhob cia siab rau cov qauv ntawv tsim los ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom txawv teb chaws. Lub tuam txhab hais tias siv polymer FDM luam ntawv muaj peev xwm tsim tsis muaj kev txwv rau kev tsim cov ntawv contoured. Piv txwv li, tsab ntawv qhov tob rau illuminated signage yog txwv rau qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm 60mm nyob rau hauv ib txwm txoj kev, tab sis yuav txo tau mus rau 30mm nyob rau hauv 3D printing. Lawv tuaj yeem ua haujlwm thaum yav tsaus ntuj thiab hnub so, ua kom lub sijhawm ntau lawm txij li lub tshuab luam ntawv 3D tsis tas yuav tuaj koom thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm.
△ Smithsonian Tsev khaws puav pheej 3D luam tawm 120 lub neej-loj pej thuam ntawm poj niam thawj coj hauv STEM teb
Xyoo 2022, Smithsonian Lub Tsev Haujlwm hauv Washington, DC tau qhib qhov chaw ua yeeb yam qhuas cov poj niam cov kws tshawb fawb, suav nrog 120 lub neej-loj 3D-luam cov mlom. Hu ua "IfThenSheCan - Cov Khoom Muag", nws yog qhov loj tshaj plaws uas tau sau cov poj niam mlom, txhua tus tau luam tawm siv FDM thev naus laus zis.
tsev thiab architectural ntsiab
Thaum nws los txog rau loj-scale 3D luam ntawv tej yaam num, ntawm chav kawm vaj tse tej yaam num yog indispensable. Txawm hais tias ob peb lub tsev tsuas yog 3D luam tawm (feem ntau xav tau lossis koom nrog kev txhawb nqa xws li steel reinforcement lossis cov ntoo ntoo), 3D luam ntawv tuaj yeem ua haujlwm vim nws ceev, kev txuag nyiaj thiab kev ua haujlwm ntev. Rau tsev thiab tsev so. Kev tsim kho thoob ntiaj teb 3D luam ntawv lag luam yuav tsum loj hlob ze li 20 feem pua hauv tsib xyoos tom ntej.
● Lub tsev ob-zaj hauv daim duab hauv qab no tau ua tiav los ntawm cov tuam txhab tsim vaj tsev tsim thiab engineering tuam txhab Hannah thiab Cive thiab Peri 3D Kev Tsim Kho, uas muab 3D tshuab luam ntawv. Lub tsev 4,000-square-foot tau muag rau tus neeg sib tw tsis qhia npe thiab yuav siv sijhawm li ob xyoos los ua kom tiav. Peri's Cobod Bod2 gantry tshuab luam ntawv, lub tshuab luam ntawv ua lag luam hauv 3D luam ntawv architecture, yog siv los extrude tshwj xeeb pob zeb sib tov los tsim stairwells thiab lwm yam kev ua haujlwm, thiab tag nrho ntawm 330 teev tau luam tawm ntawm qhov project no.
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△ Thawj lub tsev 3D luam tawm ob-zaj dab neeg hauv Tebchaws Meskas yog nyob hauv Houston
● Ntxiv nrog rau kev tsim vaj tsev, 3D tshuab luam ntawv tau dav siv rau cov khoom vaj tsev, nrog rau cov façade thiab cov yam ntxwv keeb kwm rau kev kho dua tshiab, thiab rau kev tsim sab hauv, nrog rau cov phab ntsa, cov lus qhia thiab chav faib chav. Muaj txawm tias 3D luam tawm hauv pem teb, 3D luam ntawv txuas hniav, thiab 3D luam tawm cov coral reefs. Cov ntaub ntawv zoo li pob zeb tsis yog kev xaiv nkaus xwb hauv kev tsim kho, polymers kuj ua lub luag haujlwm. Ceg Technology tshwj xeeb hauv kev loj-loj 3D luam ntawv siv neeg hlau polymer extruders, tsim txhua yam ntawm cov duab puab mus rau qhov chaw nyob. Nws txoj kev tsim vaj huam sib luag lub tsev hu ua BranchClad qhib lub sijhawm tshiab rau lub tsev facades. Tsuas yog saib ntawm lub hnub ci ntsa iab tau teeb tsa rau ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm US Space thiab Rocket Center qhov chaw pw hav zoov tshiab (hauv qab). Tsim los ntawm kev siv digital scans ntawm lub hli, cov facades nthuav tawm qhov kev xav tsis thoob rau lub hli. Cov pwm zoo ntawm cov qauv lunar yog 3D luam tawm thiab tom qab ntawd pleev xim nrog cov khoom siv stucco.
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△Branch Technology tus tshiab 3D luam tawm lub hli phab ntsa yog ntsia rau sab ntawm US Space thiab Rocket Center qhov chaw pw hav zoov tshiab
Muaj thiab hlau qhov chaw
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△ Relativity Space's Stargate hlau 3D tshuab luam ntawv
●Rocket Chaw tsim tshuaj paus Relativity Space thov nws 3D luam foob pob hluav taws Terran 1 yog qhov loj tshaj plaws 3D luam tawm qauv puas tau, nws yog 35.2 meters siab thiab 2.3 meters nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla. Lub tuam txhab lub foob pob hluav taws tom ntej, Terran R, tsuas yog loj. Ob leeg yog 3D luam tawm ntawm cov khoom siv hlau siv lub tuam txhab Stargate 3D tshuab luam ntawv, siv cov tshuab hluav taws xob tswj hluav taws xob. Relativity Space tau hais tias lub foob pob hluav taws lub peev xwm los tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab ntawm kev tso tawm yog qhov yeej loj, ua kom pom kev ncaj ncees ntawm nws cov hlau 3D luam ntawv.
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△ Poj huab tais Maxima ntawm Netherlands tau qhib MX3D hlau 3D luam ntawv choj.
●Tus choj hlau hla Amsterdam tus kwj dej tsim los ntawm Joris Laarman lub chaw soj nstuam tau luam tawm los ntawm MX3D siv cov tshuab robotic arc additive manufacturing technology. Lub 12-'meter' ntev stainless hlau "ntse choj" suav nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib txuas los pab Amsterdam cov kws tshawb fawb kawm txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm IoT systems hauv ib puag ncig tsim. Tsim los siv cov qauv tsim thiab cov txheej txheem topology optimization, cov qauv yog qhov hnyav heev. Tus choj MX3D tseem qhia txog kev siv hlau 3D luam ntawv hauv kev kos duab thiab duab puab.
● Hauv qab no yog lwm MX3D luam ntawv ua haujlwm tau teeb tsa los ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam Mariagrazia Abbaldo thiab Paolo Albertelli hauv Turin, Ltalis Royal Garden. Dubbed "The Whale Passage", cov duab puab hnyav 880kg qhia cov fins ntawm whale hla los ntawm hauv av. Tag nrho cov qauv tsim thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm no yog 3D luam tawm.
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△ "Whale Pass" yog tsim los ntawm Mariagrazia Abbaldo thiab Paolo Albertelli, thiab 3D luam tawm los ntawm MX3D
● Cov hlau loj 3D luam ntawv tuaj yeem siv rau hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam, nrog rau cov tuam txhab hauv marine, roj thiab roj, thiab cov khoom siv hauv kev lag luam hnyav tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom loj dua, feem ntau ntawm qhov chaw. Piv txwv li, marine propeller hauv qab no yog 3D luam tawm siv WAAM thev naus laus zis los tsim cov duab nyob ze, uas tom qab ntawd tau siv los ua kom nruj dua. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, WAAM hloov forging thiab tuaj yeem ua tau ze rau qhov uas nws xav tau, siv cov khoom siv tsawg dua.
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△ Lub tshuab raj dej hiav txwv no yog ib qho piv txwv thawj ntawm kev siv WAAM thev naus laus zis
●3D luam ntawv hlau kuj tuaj yeem txo qhov hnyav ntawm qhov chaw, vim tias 3D luam ntawv tuaj yeem tsim cov duab uas tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm forging lossis casting. Lub dav hlau tsaws iav ib feem (hauv qab), ntsuas 455 x 295 x 805 hli, yog lub ntiaj teb thawj laser hmoov txaj fusion 3D luam ib feem, raws li lub tshuab luam ntawv chaw tsim tshuaj paus SLM Solutions. Tsis yog tsuas yog ib feem 15 feem pua sib dua li cov khoom forged ib txwm, tab sis thev naus laus zis kuj txo lub sijhawm hloov pauv. Txij li cov khoom siv yog ib feem ntawm lub kaw lus uas hloov cov khoom thauj los ntawm lub log mus rau lub dav hlau cov qauv, nws yog ua los ntawm titanium rau lub zog. Kev xaiv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv muab cov khoom muaj zog txhua yam thaum muaj kev tiv thaiv corrosion tsis tas yuav muaj txheej txheej, luam tawm siv plaub-laser SLM 800 3D tshuab luam ntawv. "Additive manufacturing pab txuag lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub tsim nyog thiab ntawv pov thawj theem los ntawm kev xa cov khoom sai sai rau kev sim. Peb muaj peev xwm tsim cov khoom loj hauv ob peb hnub, Siv cov txheej txheem forging yuav siv sij hawm ntau lub hlis."
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△ 3D luam tawm pem hauv ntej tsaws iav qhov chaw rau cov dav hlau ntiag tug
3D luam ntawv loj pwm rau casting hlau qhov chaw yog ib qho tseem ceeb daim ntawv thov ntawm loj-scale 3D luam ntawv. Rau cov khoom siv hlau uas yuav tsum tau cam khwb cia, cov pwm ua cov kauj ruam yog ua haujlwm nyuaj thiab siv sijhawm. Nrog cov xuab zeb 3D tshuab luam ntawv, cov tuam ntxhab tuaj yeem 3D luam ntawv xuab zeb castings thiab pwm ncaj qha yam tsis tas yuav tsum muaj cov qauv puv. Voxlejet's VX4000 yog lub ntiaj teb loj tshaj plaws xuab zeb-casting 3D tshuab luam ntawv, thiab nws siv binder jetting tshuab los tsim tsis tsuas cov pwm loj, tab sis ntau txhiab tus ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv ib tug tib txheej txheem luam ntawv.
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△ Voxlejet lub tshuab luam ntawv VX4000 (Source: Voxeljet)
rooj tog thiab tsheb
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△ Lub rooj zaum tsim nyob rau hauv ib thooj siv WASP 3D tshuab luam ntawv.
● Cov neeg tsim qauv sab hauv kuj tseem maj mam xaiv cov ntawv loj 3D luam ntawv kom paub txog cov qauv tsim thiab siv cov khoom tshwj xeeb. Polymers, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab, yog cov khoom siv ntau tshaj plaws rau 3D luam ntawv rooj tog, tab sis pob zeb thiab hlau kuj tseem siv tau. Lub tsev kawm ntawv me me no hauv Gambia (hauv qab) yog piv txwv ntawm 3D luam ntawv hais txog qhov xav tau. Lub teeb yuag thiab ruaj khov, qhov tsim no tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm cov yas siv dua tshiab, kuj tuaj yeem daws qhov teeb meem ntawm cov khoom pov tseg yas. Tus qauv tau luam tawm ntawm Magnum 3D tshuab luam ntawv ntawm Kev Lag Luam Sweden hauv PETG yas, feem ntau siv hauv lub raj mis haus.
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△ Prototype desks los sim 3D luam ntawv lub tsev kawm ntawv rooj tog tswv yim hauv Gambia, tejzaum nws siv cov yas rov ua dua tshiab
● Muaj ntau cov piv txwv zoo nkauj 3D luam tawm cov rooj zaum thiab cov rooj, suav nrog NYXO Visionary Design's (hauv qab) zoo nkauj sau ntawm cov rooj kas fes ua los ntawm lub teeb yuag foamed PLA luam tawm ntawm Colossus XS 3D tshuab luam ntawv.
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△ Primavera sculpture table series yog tsim los ntawm Dubai-based architecture thiab cov khoom tsim ruaj khov NYXO Visionary Design thiab luam tawm siv ColorFabb PLA ntawm lub tshuab luam ntawv Colossus XS (Source: Colossus)
Nkag mus rau Guinness Phau Ntawv Cov Ntaub Ntawv Ntiaj Teb raws li ob lub nkoj loj tshaj plaws 3D luam tawm thiab cov khoom loj tshaj plaws 3D luam tawm rau hnub tim yog lub nkoj 3D luam tawm hauv qab no, uas yog 7.72 meters ntev. Lub nkoj tau luam tawm xyoo 2019 los ntawm Lub Chaw rau Advanced Structures thiab Composites ntawm University of Maine. Nws yog ua los ntawm yas thiab ntoo cellulose. Nws tsuas siv 72 teev rau 3D luam tawm thiab hnyav 2.2 tons.
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△ Ib lub nkoj loj 3D luam tawm los ntawm University of Maine
● Cov tuam txhab tsheb kauj vab kuj tau xaiv 3D tshuab luam ntawv los daws cov teeb meem vuam hauv lawv cov saw hlau. Ib daim duab 3D luam tawm ib qho tsis tsuas yog txuag lub sijhawm, nws ua rau cov qib tshiab ntawm kev tsim kev ywj pheej tsis txwv los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke. Lub tuam txhab tsheb tuam tau tsim cov qauv hauv titanium, steel thiab carbon fiber sib xyaw. Lub steel-framed e-tsheb tuam hauv qab no los ntawm Urwahn yog loj-tsim siv hlau 3D luam ntawv kom ua tau raws li qhov sib npaug ntawm daim ntawv, kev ua haujlwm, lub teeb yuag thiab cov khoom siv. Tshwj xeeb rear-kawg elastics ncua lub rear log thiab tsim ib tug tshiab hom kev nplij siab, thaum lub steel ncej integrates lub cev muaj zog thiab roj teeb, lub tuam txhab hais tias.
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△ Urwahn's 3D luam tawm steel ncej hluav taws xob tsheb kauj vab
Tsim Cov Lus Qhia thiab Software rau Cov Ntawv Luam Loj
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△ Lub 30-ko taw-siab 3D luam tawm tus pej thuam yog sib sau los ntawm 365 tus neeg 3D luam tawm qhov chaw, thiab txhua ntu yuav siv sijhawm 28 teev los luam tawm ntawm 55 3D tshuab luam ntawv
Ib-thooj 3D luam ntawv feem ntau yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws vim tias nws tshem tawm kev sib dhos ua haujlwm, ua kom cov khoom tsim tau sai, thiab txhim kho kev ncaj ncees vim tias tsis muaj seams lossis qhov chaw. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias cov khoom luam tawm loj heev uas koj yuav tsum tau muab faib ua ntau yam, koj yuav faib cov qauv rau hauv 3D prints li cas?
● Ua kom tiav 3D luam ntawv loj, koj tuaj yeem faib cov qauv ncaj qha rau hauv CAD software (xws li Fusion360 lossis Khoom Ua Haujlwm), uas muaj qhov zoo ntawm kev tso cai rau koj los tsim qee qhov kev sib dhos thiab kev sib dhos, xws li rau tes, pob thiab zawj, daim di ncauj, los yog qhov thiab qhov;
●Yog tias koj tsuas yog yuav muab cov khoom loj ua ke los yog siv cov ntsia hlau (tsuas yog rau cov ntaub ntawv muaj zog xws li carbon fiber puv nylon), koj tuaj yeem tawm ntawm kev sib cais mus rau cov cuab yeej txiav xws li Cura. Segmentation yog ceev thiab automated siv Cura's mesh cov cuab yeej;
● Thaum manually segmenting tus qauv digital, tsis txhob mus ncaj qha los ntawm cov ncauj lus nthuav dav lossis thaj chaw txhawb nqa. zam kev sib cais ntawm qhov tsis muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim,
Namely cov cheeb tsam uas yog thinner ntau dua li lwm tus qauv.
Sab saum toj Loj Loj 3D tshuab luam ntawv
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△GEFERTEC Arc60x WAAM Hlau 3D tshuab luam ntawv (Source: Gefertec)
Yog tias koj xav siv lub tshuab luam ntawv 3D los tsim cov khoom xws li cov yas loj, cov khoom siv, thiab cov paib, koj tuaj yeem siv cov tshuab luam ntawv loj 3D, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb tib yam li cov tshuab luam ntawv filament. Qee lub tshuab luam ntawv tuaj yeem luam tawm nrog cov khoom siv qib engineering.
Yog tias koj xav mus loj dua cov tshuab luam ntawv FDM loj tshaj plaws (ntxiv rau 1,600 x 1,200 x 1,300), koj yuav xav tau lub tshuab luam ntawv caj npab 3D, tus neeg hlau caj npab nrog lub taub hau extruder txuas mus rau qhov kawg. Lawv tuaj yeem muab tso rau ntawm cov ntsia hlau lossis cov nyiaj siv ua haujlwm gantry, yog li hauv txoj kev xav, nws muaj peev xwm luam tawm rau qhov loj ntawm cov ntsia hlau. Lub Guinness World Record rau lub tshuab luam ntawv 3D loj tshaj plaws yog gantry extrusion lub taub hau sib dhos ntawm University of Maine, uas tuaj yeem ncav cuag 30, 000 x 6,700 x 3,000 hli. Txawm li cas los xij, lub tshuab luam ntawv no tsis yog muag. Lwm qhov zoo dua ntawm cov tshuab luam ntawv caj npab robotic yog tias lawv feem ntau luam tawm siv cov polymers hauv daim ntawv pellet uas pheej yig dua
Resin 3D prints feem ntau tsis tuaj yeem loj dua 1, 000mm, nrog rau qee qhov tshwj xeeb xws li Kings 1700 Pro thiab 3D Systems ProX 950 vim lub sijhawm luam tawm ntev heev. Resin feem ntau siv sijhawm ntev dua FDM.
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△ Nruab nrab-qhov loj me 3D tshuab luam ntawv ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv daim ntawv sau npe loj
Cov tshuab luam ntawv 3D yog qhov kev lag luam loj heev, tsis yog rau kev tsim vaj tsev, tab sis rau txhua hom kev ua vaj tse, rooj tog zaum, kev tsim kho, thiab txawm tias cog pots thiab sculptures. 3D luam ntawv loj heev cov hlau feem ntau ua tiav nrog kev qhia lub zog tso tawm 3D luam ntawv txheej txheem xws li hluav taws xob arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). Cov txheej txheem no siv lub taub hau 3D luam ntawv mounted rau ntawm caj npab neeg hlau, uas muaj qhov dav dav thiab tsuas yog txwv los ntawm qhov loj ntawm caj npab.
