Cam khwb cia hlau - fluidity
Cov kav dej phwj tuaj yog qhov tsis pom tseeb ntawm peb ib puag ncig txhua hnub uas ob peb tus neeg saib xyuas lawv. Yog vim li cas vim li cas cam khwb cia hlau muaj xws li ib tug loj thiab ntau yam ntawm kev siv yog vim nws zoo heev fluidity thiab nws yooj yim ntawm casting rau ntau yam complex duab. Cam khwb cia hlau yog lub npe muab rau kev sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom xws li carbon, silicon thiab hlau. Qhov siab dua cov ntsiab lus carbon, qhov zoo dua cov yam ntxwv thaum lub sij hawm casting. Carbon tshwm sim ntawm no nyob rau hauv ob daim ntawv, graphite thiab hlau carbide.
Lub xub ntiag ntawm graphite nyob rau hauv cam khwb cia hlau muab cov kav dej npog zoo heev hnav tsis kam. Xwb feem ntau tsuas yog tshwm rau ntawm txheej txheej sab nraud, yog li nws feem ntau yog polished. Txawm li cas los xij, tseem muaj kev ntsuas tshwj xeeb los tiv thaiv xeb thaum lub sij hawm nchuav, uas yog, txheej txheej ntawm asphalt txheej ntxiv rau saum npoo ntawm cov casting, thiab asphalt nkag mus rau hauv lub qhov hws ntawm cov hlau cam khwb cia kom tsis txhob xeb. Cov txheej txheem ib txwm ua ntawm cov khoom siv xuab zeb casting tam sim no siv los ntawm ntau tus neeg tsim qauv hauv lwm qhov chaw tshiab thiab nthuav ntau dua.
Khoom siv: zoo heev fluidity, tsis tshua muaj nqi, zoo hnav tsis kam, tsis tshua muaj solidification shrinkage, nkig heev, siab compressive zog, zoo machinability.
Kev siv hom: cam khwb cia hlau tau siv rau ntau pua xyoo hauv cov teb xws li cov tsev, txuas hniav, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, khoom siv hauv tsev thiab chav ua noj.
2 stainless hlau - stainless kev hlub
Stainless hlau yog ib qho hlau uas ua los ntawm kev sib xyaw chromium, npib tsib xee, thiab lwm yam hlau hauv cov hlau. Nws cov yam ntxwv tsis xeb yog muab los ntawm chromium hauv cov hlau. Cov chromium tsim ib qho ruaj khov, kho tus kheej chromium oxide zaj duab xis rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov hlau, uas tsis pom ntawm peb qhov muag liab qab. Qhov piv ntawm stainless hlau thiab npib tsib xee peb feem ntau xa mus yog 18:10. Lub sij hawm "stainless steel" tsis tsuas yog hais txog ib hom stainless hlau, tab sis hais txog ntau tshaj li ib puas hom kev lag luam stainless hlau, thiab txhua tus tsim stainless hlau muaj kev ua tau zoo hauv nws cov ntawv thov tshwj xeeb.
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, stainless hlau tau nkag mus rau hauv kev tsim cov khoom tsim, thiab cov neeg tsim qauv tsim ntau yam khoom tshiab nyob ib ncig ntawm nws cov tawv tawv thiab cov khoom tiv thaiv corrosion, nrog rau ntau qhov chaw uas tsis tau koom ua ntej. Qhov no series ntawm kev sim tsim yog heev revolutionary. Piv txwv li, thawj zaug hauv kev lag luam kho mob, cov khoom siv uas tuaj yeem rov qab siv tau tom qab ua kom tsis muaj menyuam tau tshwm sim.
Stainless hlau muab faib ua plaub hom: austenitic, ferritic, ferritic-austenitic (composite), martensitic. Stainless hlau siv hauv cov khoom siv hauv tsev yog austenitic.
Cov khoom siv: kev noj qab haus huv, kev tiv thaiv corrosion, kev kho deg zoo, siab rigidity, tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm ntau yam kev ua, thiab nws nyuaj rau cov txheej txheem txias.
Kev siv hom: Ntawm cov feem ntau siv cov xim stainless hlau, austenitic stainless hlau yog cov khoom siv xim zoo tshaj plaws, uas tuaj yeem tau txais cov xim zoo nkauj thiab cov duab zoo nkauj. Austenitic stainless hlau yog tsuas yog siv hauv cov khoom siv hauv tsev, cov khoom siv hauv tsev, cov kav dej thiab cov khoom siv hauv tsev; martensitic stainless hlau feem ntau yog siv los ua riam thiab turbine hniav; ferritic stainless hlau yog corrosion-resistant thiab yog tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv lub tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws thiab nyob rau hauv boiler qhov chaw; Composite stainless hlau muaj zog corrosion kuj, yog li nws yog feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig txhoj puab heev.
3 Zinc - 730 lbs hauv ib lub neej
Zinc, silvery thiab bluish-grey, yog qhov thib peb feem ntau siv tsis-ferrous hlau tom qab txhuas thiab tooj liab. Kev txheeb xyuas los ntawm US Bureau of Mines qhia tau hais tias ib tus neeg nruab nrab noj tag nrho 331 kilograms ntawm zinc hauv nws lub neej. Zinc muaj cov ntsiab lus melting tsawg heev, yog li nws kuj yog cov khoom siv zoo tagnrho.
Zinc castings muaj ntau heev nyob rau hauv peb lub neej txhua hnub: cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub qhov rooj tuav, faucets, electronics Cheebtsam, thiab lwm yam. Zinc muaj tsis tshua muaj siab corrosion kuj, uas ua rau nws muaj lwm yam yooj yim functionality, uas yog raws li ib tug txheej txheej rau hlau. Ntxiv nrog rau cov haujlwm saum toj no, zinc kuj yog cov khoom siv hlau uas ua ke nrog tooj liab los ua tooj dag. Nws cov khoom tiv thaiv corrosion tsis yog tsuas yog siv rau cov txheej txheej steel - nws kuj tseem pab ntxiv dag zog rau peb cov tib neeg lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob.
Cov khoom siv: kev noj qab haus huv, tiv thaiv corrosion, zoo heev castability, zoo heev los tiv thaiv corrosion, siab zog, siab hardness, pheej yig raw cov ntaub ntawv, tsis tshua muaj melting point, creep kuj, yooj yim rau cov alloys nrog lwm yam hlau, kev kho mob, nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub Fragile , ductile ntawm li 100 degrees Celsius.
Hom kev siv: cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Zinc yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv hlau uas tsim bronze. Zinc kuj muaj cov khoom tu cev thiab tiv thaiv corrosion. Tsis tas li ntawd, zinc kuj tseem siv rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv vov tsev, cov duab kos duab discs, cov kav hlau txais xov xov tooj ntawm tes thiab cov cuab yeej kaw hauv cov koob yees duab.
4 Aluminium (Al) - cov khoom siv niaj hnub
Piv nrog kub, uas tau siv rau 9,{1}} xyoo, txhuas, cov hlau dawb no tsuas yog suav tias yog menyuam yaus ntawm cov khoom siv hlau. Aluminium tuaj tawm thiab muaj npe nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 18th caug xyoo. Tsis zoo li lwm yam hlau, txhuas tsis muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm cov hlau ncaj qha, tab sis yog muab rho tawm los ntawm bauxite uas muaj 50 feem pua alumina (tseem hu ua bauxite). Aluminium nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no kuj yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv hlau ntau tshaj plaws hauv peb lub ntiaj teb.
Thaum cov hlau txhuas tshwm sim thawj zaug, nws tsis tau siv tam sim ntawd rau tib neeg lub neej. Tom qab ntawd, ib pawg ntawm cov khoom tshiab tsom rau nws cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb thiab cov yam ntxwv maj mam tawm, thiab cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis no maj mam tau txais kev lag luam dav thiab dav. Txawm hais tias daim ntawv thov keeb kwm ntawm txhuas yog luv luv, cov khoom tsim tawm ntawm txhuas cov khoom lag luam nyob deb dhau ntawm cov khoom lag luam uas tsis yog-ferrous hlau.
Cov khoom siv: hloov tau yooj yim thiab yas, yooj yim ua alloys, siab zog-rau-qhov hnyav piv, zoo heev corrosion kuj, yooj yim rau hluav taws xob thiab cua sov, thiab recyclable.
Kev siv dav dav: tsheb skeletons, aircraft qhov chaw, khoom siv hauv tsev, ntim khoom, thiab rooj tog zaum. Txhuas kuj feem ntau siv los ntxiv dag zog rau qee lub tsev loj, xws li tus pej thuam Cupid ntawm Piccadilly Circus hauv London thiab sab saum toj ntawm Chrysler Automobile Building hauv New York, tag nrho cov no tau ntxiv dag zog nrog txhuas.
5 magnesium alloy - ultra-nyias aesthetic tsim
Magnesium yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas tsis yog-ferrous hlau. Nws yog sib dua li txhuas thiab tuaj yeem tsim muaj zog alloys nrog lwm yam hlau. Magnesium alloys muaj lub teeb tshwj xeeb lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, muaj zog tshwj xeeb thiab nruj nruj, zoo thermal conductivity, thiab zoo damping txo. Kev poob siab thiab electromagnetic shielding kev ua tau zoo, kev ua haujlwm yooj yim thiab molding, yooj yim rov siv dua thiab lwm yam zoo. Tab sis tau ntev, vim yog tus nqi siab thiab kev txwv, magnesium thiab magnesium alloys tsuas yog siv me me hauv aviation, aerospace thiab tub rog industries, yog li lawv hu ua "noble hlau". Magnesium yog tam sim no thib peb loj tshaj plaws hlau engineering khoom tom qab hlau thiab txhuas, thiab yog dav siv nyob rau hauv aerospace, tsheb, electronics, mobile kev sib txuas lus, metallurgy thiab lwm yam kev lag luam. Nws tuaj yeem cia siab tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm magnesium hlau yuav dhau los ua ntau dua yav tom ntej vim qhov nce ntawm cov nqi tsim khoom ntawm lwm cov qauv hlau.
Qhov feem ntawm magnesium alloy yog 68 feem pua ntawm txhuas alloy, 27 feem pua ntawm zinc alloy, thiab 23 feem pua ntawm cov hlau. Nws feem ntau yog siv rau hauv qhov chaw pib, 3C cov khoom siv plhaub, cov khoom siv hauv tsev, thiab lwm yam. Feem ntau cov khoom siv ultra-nyias thiab cov xov tooj ntawm tes yog ua los ntawm magnesium alloys.
Qhov corrosion kuj ntawm magnesium alloy yog 8 npaug ntawm cov hlau, 4 npaug ntawm aluminium alloy, thiab ntau dua 10 npaug ntawm cov yas. Nws cov corrosion kuj yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov alloys. Feem ntau siv magnesium alloys tsis yog-flammable, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum siv hauv tsheb thiab maus taus qhov chaw thiab cov khoom siv hauv tsev, uas tuaj yeem zam kev tawg sai sai. Feem ntau ntawm magnesium raw khoom yog muab rho tawm los ntawm seawater, yog li nws cov peev txheej ruaj khov thiab txaus.
Cov khoom siv: lub teeb yuag, siab rigidity thiab cuam tshuam tsis kam, zoo heev corrosion kuj, zoo thermal conductivity thiab electromagnetic shielding, zoo tsis-flammable, tsis zoo tshav kub kuj, thiab yooj yim recycling.
Daim ntawv thov: dav siv nyob rau hauv aerospace, tsheb, electronics, mobile kev sib txuas lus, metallurgy thiab lwm yam kev lag luam.
6 Nyiaj Tswb - Txiv Neej Tus Phooj Ywg
Tooj liab yog ib qho zoo heev uas muaj ntau yam hlau uas muaj feem xyuam nrog peb lub neej. Ntau yam ntawm tib neeg cov cuab yeej thaum ntxov thiab riam phom tau ua los ntawm tooj liab. Nws lub npe Latin "cuprum" yog los ntawm ib qho chaw hu ua Cyprus, uas yog ib lub kob nplua nuj ntawm tooj liab. Cov neeg siv cov ntawv luv ntawm cov kob lub npe Cu rau lub npe cov khoom siv hlau no, yog li tooj liab muaj lub npe tam sim no.
Tooj liab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub neej niaj hnub no: nws tau siv dav hauv cov qauv tsim vaj tsev, ua cov khoom siv rau kev xa hluav taws xob, thiab tau siv los ntawm cov neeg ntawm ntau haiv neeg sib txawv rau ntau txhiab xyoo los ua raw khoom rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub cev. Qhov no malleable, txiv kab ntxwv-liab hlau tau hloov zuj zus nrog peb, los ntawm nws cov pib yooj yim hauv kev txiav txim siab xa mus rau nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev sib txuas lus niaj hnub no. Tooj yog ib qho zoo heev conductor, thib ob tsuas yog nyiaj hauv nws cov hluav taws xob conductivity. Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm lub sijhawm keeb kwm ntawm tib neeg siv cov khoom siv hlau, tooj liab yog cov hlau uas tau siv ntev tshaj plaws los ntawm tib neeg tom qab kub. Qhov no yog nyob rau hauv loj vim hais tias tooj liab yog ib qho yooj yim rau mine thiab kev lag luam tooj liab yog ib qho yooj yim kom cais los ntawm tooj liab.
Cov khoom siv: zoo corrosion kuj, zoo heev thermal conductivity, hluav taws xob conductivity, nyuaj, saj zawg zog, ductile, tshwj xeeb nyhuv tom qab polishing.
Kev siv yam: cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, lub cav coils, cov ntawv luam tawm, cov ntaub ntawv vov tsev, cov khoom siv kav dej, cov khoom siv cua sov, cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, cov khoom siv ua noj. Nws kuj yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua bronze.
7 Chrome - High Finish tiav
Feem ntau daim ntawv ntawm chromium yog siv nyob rau hauv stainless hlau raws li ib tug alloying caij kom nce hardness ntawm stainless hlau. Chrome plating txheej txheem feem ntau muab faib ua peb hom: hniav plating, nyuaj chrome plating, thiab dub chrome plating. Chromium plating yog dav siv nyob rau hauv engineering teb. Cov hniav chromium plating feem ntau yog siv los ua txheej txheej sab nraud ntawm cov nickel txheej sab nraud. Lub plating muaj qhov muag heev thiab muag daim iav zoo li polishing nyhuv. Raws li kev kho kom zoo nkauj tom qab kev kho mob, lub thickness ntawm chrome plating tsuas yog 0.006 hli. Thaum npaj siv cov txheej txheem chromium plating, cov kev phom sij ntawm cov txheej txheem no yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab tag nrho. Cov qauv ntawm hexavalent zoo nkauj chromium dej tau hloov los ntawm trivalent chromium dej tau dhau los ua pom tseeb, vim hais tias yav dhau los yog carcinogenic heev, thaum tom kawg yog suav tias yog cov tshuaj lom neeg tsawg.
Cov khoom siv: zoo heev ua tiav, zoo heev corrosion kuj, nyuaj thiab ruaj, yooj yim los ntxuav, tsis tshua muaj coefficient ntawm kev sib txhuam.
Kev siv hom: Kho kom zoo nkauj chrome plating yog cov khoom siv txheej rau ntau yam khoom siv tsheb, suav nrog lub qhov rooj thiab cov pob. Tsis tas li ntawd, chrome kuj tseem siv rau hauv cov tsheb kauj vab, chav dej faucets, thiab rooj tog zaum, cov khoom siv hauv chav ua noj, cov tais diav, thiab lwm yam. Hard chrome plating yog siv ntau dua hauv kev lag luam, suav nrog kev nkag mus rau lub cim xeeb hauv kev tswj haujlwm, cov khoom siv dav hlau, cov pwm yas, thiab shock absorbers. Dub chrome plating feem ntau yog siv rau kev siv suab paj nruag kho kom zoo nkauj thiab siv lub hnub ci zog.
8 titanium - lub teeb thiab muaj zog
Titanium yog cov hlau tshwj xeeb, uas yog lub teeb heev hauv kev ntxhib los mos, tseem tawv heev thiab corrosion-resistant, thiab tuav nws tus kheej xim rau lub neej ntawm chav tsev kub. Lub melting point ntawm titanium zoo ib yam li cov platinum, yog li nws yog feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv aerospace thiab tub rog precision Cheebtsam. Tom qab ntxiv cov hluav taws xob tam sim no thiab kev kho tshuaj, cov xim sib txawv yuav raug tsim. Titanium muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo heev rau acid thiab alkali corrosion. Titanium soaked nyob rau hauv "aqua regia" rau ob peb xyoos yog tseem ci thiab radiant. Yog tias titanium ntxiv rau stainless hlau, tsuas yog kwv yees li ib feem pua yog ntxiv, uas zoo heev txhim kho cov xeb tiv thaiv.
Titanium muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo xws li tsis tshua muaj siab, kub tsis kam, thiab corrosion kuj. Qhov ceev ntawm titanium alloy yog ib nrab ntawm cov hlau thiab lub zog yuav luag tib yam li cov hlau; titanium yog resistant rau kub thiab tsis kub. Nws tuaj yeem tswj tau lub zog siab hauv qhov kub thiab txias ntawm -253 degree ~ 500 degree . Cov txiaj ntsig zoo no yog qhov chaw hlau yuav tsum muaj. Titanium alloys yog cov ntaub ntawv zoo rau kev ua lub foob pob hluav taws cav, cov khoom siv satellites, thiab lub dav hlau, thiab hu ua "qhov chaw hlau".
Titanium yog cov hlau ntshiab. Vim yog "ntshiab" ntawm titanium hlau, tsis muaj tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tshwm sim thaum cov khoom los rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog nws. Qhov ntawd yog hais tias, vim hais tias titanium muaj siab corrosion kuj thiab siab stability, nws yuav tsis cuam tshuam nws cov ntsiab lus tom qab kev sib cuag nrog tib neeg mus ntev, yog li nws yuav tsis ua rau tib neeg ua xua. Nws tsuas yog ib qho uas tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau tib neeg lub siab lub ntsws thiab saj. Cov hlau yog hu ua "biophilic metals".
Qhov loj tshaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm titanium yog tias nws nyuaj rau kev kho kom zoo. Qhov no feem ntau yog vim tias titanium tuaj yeem ua ke nrog cov pa oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, thiab ntau lwm yam ntawm qhov kub thiab txias.
Cov khoom siv: lub zog muaj zog heev, zoo heev corrosion kuj rau qhov hnyav piv, nyuaj rau kev ua haujlwm txias, zoo weldability, txog 40 feem pua sib dua li hlau, 60 feem pua hnyav dua li txhuas, tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob conductivity, thermal expansion tus nqi, siab melting point.
Kev siv hom: golf clubs, tennis rackets, laptops, koob yees duab, lub nra, kev phais, cov pob txha siv dav hlau, cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg, thiab cov khoom siv hauv hiav txwv. Tsis tas li ntawd, titanium kuj tseem siv los ua cov xim dawb rau cov ntawv, pleev xim thiab cov yas.
Cov txheej txheem kho hlau nto
1. Taw qhia txog txheej txheem kho saum npoo
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev siv niaj hnub physics, chemistry, metallurgy thiab kev kho cua sov los hloov cov xwm txheej thiab cov khoom ntawm qhov chaw, yog li nws tuaj yeem ua tau zoo nrog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb kom ua tiav cov kev xav tau ua ntej, hu ua txheej txheem kho saum npoo. .
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev kho deg:
(1) Txhim kho nto corrosion kuj thiab hnav tsis kam, qeeb qeeb, tshem tawm thiab kho cov khoom hloov pauv thiab puas;
(2) Ua kom cov ntaub ntawv zoo tib yam tau txais qhov chaw nrog cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb;
(3) Txuag lub zog, txo cov nqi, thiab txhim kho ib puag ncig.
2. Kev faib tawm ntawm cov txheej txheem kev kho hlau nto
duab
Nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua 4 pawg hauv tag nrho: kev hloov kho saum npoo av, txheej txheej txheej txheej txheej txheej txheej txheej txheej txheej txheej txheej txheej txheej txheej txheej txheej txheej txheej txheej txheej.
1. Nto hloov tshuab
1. Nto quenching
Surface quenching yog hais txog kev kho cua sov uas siv cov cua kub ceev kom austenize txheej txheej thiab tom qab ntawd quenches nws kom ntxiv dag zog rau saum npoo ntawm qhov tsis hloov cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov qauv ntawm cov hlau.
Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm qhov chaw quenching yog nplaim taws quenching thiab induction cua sov. Feem ntau siv cov cua sov yog cov nplaim taws xws li oxyacetylene lossis oxypropane.
2. Laser nto zog
Laser saum npoo ntxiv dag zog yog siv lub teeb tsom laser los tua cov nplaim ntawm lub workpiece, ua kom sov cov khoom nyias nyias ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm rau qhov kub siab tshaj qhov hloov pauv kub lossis melting point hauv lub sijhawm luv luv, thiab txias rau hauv. ib lub sij hawm luv luv los harden nto ntawm lub workpiece ntxiv dag zog.
duab
Laser nto ntxiv dag zog tuaj yeem muab faib ua laser theem transformation ntxiv dag zog rau kev kho mob, laser nto alloying kev kho mob thiab laser cladding kho.
duab
Lub tshav kub-tshem tawm tsam ntawm laser nto zog yog me me, deformation me me, thiab kev ua haujlwm yooj yim. Nws yog tsuas yog siv rau hauv cheeb tsam ntxiv dag zog rau qhov chaw, xws li blanking dies, crankshafts, cams, camshafts, spline shafts, precision instrument guide rails, high-speed steel tools, gears and internal combustion engines. Lub tog raj kheej liner, thiab lwm yam.
3. Tua peening
Kev txhaj tshuaj peening yog ib qho cuab yeej uas txau ntau qhov kev ua haujlwm siab ceev mus rau qhov chaw ntawm qhov chaw, ib yam li suav tsis txheeb cov hammers me me hammering cov hlau nto, kom cov nto thiab subsurface ntawm ib feem tau txais qee yam yas deformation kom ua tau kom muaj zog.
duab
nyhuv:
(1) Txhim kho cov neeg kho tshuab lub zog thiab hnav tsis kam, qaug zog thiab corrosion kuj ntawm qhov chaw;
(2) Siv rau saum npoo matting thiab descaling;
(3) Tshem tawm cov kev ntxhov siab seem ntawm casting, forging thiab vuam qhov chaw, thiab lwm yam.
4. Rolling
Rolling yog siv cov chais tawv los yog cov chais los nias rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub thiab txav mus raws cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov generatrix rau plastically deform thiab harden nto ntawm lub workpiece kom tau qhov tseeb, du thiab ntxiv dag zog rau saum npoo los yog nto. kev kho mob nrog cov qauv tshwj xeeb. khoom siv tes ua.
duab
Daim ntawv thov: qhov chaw nrog cov duab yooj yim xws li cylindrical nto, conical nto, thiab dav hlau.
5. Kev kos duab
Hlau kos duab yog hais txog txoj kev kho saum npoo uas ua rau cov hlau quab yuam dhau los ntawm pwm nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm sab nraud quab yuam, cov hlau hla ntu ntu yog compressed, thiab qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm qhov chaw seem thiab qhov loj me, uas yog hu ua hlau hlau txheej txheej txheem.
duab
Kev kos duab tuaj yeem ua rau hauv cov nplej ncaj, chaotic grain, corrugated grain thiab swirl grain raws li kev xav tau kho kom zoo nkauj.
Ntau yam.
6. Polishing
Polishing yog ib txoj kev ua tiav rau kev hloov kho qhov chaw ntawm qhov chaw. Feem ntau, tsuas yog ib lub ntsej muag du tuaj yeem tau txais, thiab qhov kev ua tiav thawj zaug tsis tuaj yeem txhim kho lossis txawm tias khaws cia. Nyob ntawm cov txheej txheem ua ntej, tus nqi Ra tom qab polishing tuaj yeem ncav cuag 1.6 ~ 0.008μm .
duab
Feem ntau muab faib ua mechanical polishing thiab tshuaj polishing.
Image] [duab
2. Nto alloying tshuab
chemical nto tshav kub kho
Ib tug raug txheej txheem ntawm nto alloying tshuab yog tshuaj deg tshav kub kho. Nws yog cov txheej txheem kev kho cua sov uas tso cov khoom ua haujlwm rau hauv ib qho nruab nrab rau cov cua sov thiab kev txuag hluav taws xob, kom cov active atoms nyob rau hauv nruab nrab tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub workpiece los hloov cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov qauv ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub workpiece, thiab tom qab ntawd hloov nws qhov kev ua tau zoo.
duab
Piv nrog rau saum npoo quenching, chemical deg kev kho cua sov tsis tsuas yog hloov cov qauv ntawm cov hlau, tab sis kuj hloov nws cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg. Raws li cov khoom sib txawv infiltrated, tshuaj kho cua sov tuaj yeem muab faib ua carburizing, nitriding, multi-component co-infiltrating, infiltrating lwm yam, thiab lwm yam. Cov txheej txheem kev kho cua sov tshuaj muaj peb txheej txheem ntawm decomposition, absorption thiab diffusion.
Ob txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb ntawm kev kho cua sov yog carburizing thiab nitriding.
Muab piv
carburization
Nitriding
Lub hom phiaj
Txhim kho lub ntsej muag hardness, hnav tsis kam thiab qaug zog lub zog ntawm lub workpiece, thaum tuav zoo toughness nyob rau hauv cov tub ntxhais.
Txhim kho qhov tawv tawv, hnav tsis kam thiab qaug zog lub zog ntawm lub workpiece, thiab txhim kho corrosion kuj.
Ntoo
Cov pa roj carbon tsawg uas muaj {{0}}.1 mus rau 0.25 feem pua C. Cov pa roj carbon ntau dua, qhov qis dua qhov toughness ntawm cov tub ntxhais.
Nws yog nruab nrab carbon steel uas muaj Cr, Mo, Al, Ti, V.
txoj kev siv
Gas carburizing txoj kev, khoom carburizing txoj kev, nqus carburizing txoj kev
Txoj kev siv roj nitriding, ion nitriding method
kub
900-950 degree
500-570 degree
nto thickness
Feem ntau 0.5 ~ 2mm
Tsis ntau tshaj {{0}}.6 ~ 0.7mm
siv
Dav siv nyob rau hauv mechanical qhov chaw ntawm aircraft, tsheb thiab tsheb laij teb, xws li lub zog, ncej, camshafts, thiab lwm yam.
Nws yog siv rau cov khoom uas yuav tsum tau hnav tsis kam thiab precision, nrog rau qhov kub-resistant, hnav-resistant thiab corrosion-resistant qhov chaw. Xws li cov ncej me me ntawm qhov ntsuas, lub teeb-loaded zog thiab tseem ceeb crankshafts.
Image] [duab
3. Nto hloov tshuab txheej txheej
1. Blackening thiab phosphating
ua kom dub:
Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov cua kub hlau los yog hlau qhov chaw rau qhov tsim nyog kub hauv huab cua-dej vapor los yog tshuaj los tsim cov xim xiav lossis dub oxide zaj duab xis rau saum npoo. Kuj ua xiav.
Phosphating:
Cov txheej txheem uas lub workpiece (steel los yog aluminium, zinc) yog immersed nyob rau hauv ib tug phosphating kua (qee acid phosphate raws li kua), thiab ib txheej ntawm dej-insoluble crystalline phosphate hloov dua siab tshiab zaj duab xis yog tso rau saum npoo yog hu ua phosphating.
2. Anodizing
Feem ntau yog hais txog anodic oxidation ntawm txhuas thiab txhuas alloy. Anodizing yog muab tso rau hauv aluminium los yog aluminium alloy qhov chaw hauv cov kua qaub electrolyte, thiab ua raws li cov anode nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ib tug sab nraud tam sim no los ua ib tug anti-corrosion oxide zaj duab xis uas yog ruaj khov ua ke nrog lub substrate ntawm qhov chaw. Cov txheej ntawm oxide zaj duab xis no muaj cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb xws li kev tiv thaiv, kho kom zoo nkauj, rwb thaiv tsev, thiab hnav tsis kam.
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Ua ntej anodizing, nws yuav tsum tau pretreatments xws li polishing, degreasing, thiab tu, thiab tom qab ntawd nws yuav tsum tau ua tiav los ntawm kev yaug, xim, thiab sealing.
Daim Ntawv Thov: Nws yog feem ntau siv rau hauv kev tiv thaiv kev kho mob ntawm qee qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm lub tsheb thiab cov dav hlau, nrog rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua thiab cov khoom siv niaj hnub.
daim duab duab duab
4. Nto txheej tshuab
1. Thermal txau
Thermal spraying yog cua sov thiab melting ntawm cov hlau los yog cov ntaub ntawv uas tsis yog-hlau, thiab nruam tshuab compressed gas rau saum npoo ntawm lub workpiece los tsim ib txheej uas yog ruaj khov kho rau lub substrate thiab tau txais lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg cov khoom uas yuav tsum tau los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub workpiece. lub workpiece.
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Kev siv cov thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov hnav tsis kam, tiv thaiv corrosion, kub tsis kam thiab rwb thaiv tsev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv.
Daim ntawv thov: Yuav luag txhua qhov chaw suav nrog aerospace, atomic zog, hluav taws xob thiab lwm yam thev naus laus zis.
2. Nqus plating
Nqus plating yog txheej txheem kho saum npoo uas tso ntau cov yeeb yaj kiab hlau thiab tsis yog hlau rau ntawm cov hlau los ntawm distillation lossis sputtering nyob rau hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev.
Cov txheej txheej nyias nyias tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev plating, thiab nws muaj qhov zoo ntawm kev ceev ceev, zoo adhesion, thiab muaj kuab paug tsawg.
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Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm Nqus Sputtering Plating
Raws li cov txheej txheem sib txawv, lub tshuab nqus tsev plating tuaj yeem muab faib ua lub tshuab nqus tsev vacuum, lub tshuab nqus tsev sputtering, thiab lub tshuab nqus tsev ion plating.
3. Electroplating
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Electroplating yog electrochemical thiab redox txheej txheem. Siv npib tsib xee plating ua piv txwv: cov hlau yog immersed nyob rau hauv ib qho kev daws ntawm hlau ntsev (NiSO4) raws li cov cathode, thiab cov hlau npib tsib xee phaj yog siv los ua cov anode. Tom qab DC fais fab mov qhib, cov hlau npib tsib xee plating txheej yuav muab tso rau ntawm qhov chaw.
Cov txheej txheem electroplating tau muab faib ua cov electroplating zoo tib yam thiab tshwj xeeb electroplating.
Image] [duab
4. Vapor deposition
Vapor deposition thev naus laus zis hais txog ib hom tshiab txheej txheej tshuab uas tso cov roj theem cov tshuaj uas muaj cov ntsiab lus tso rau ntawm cov khoom siv los ntawm kev siv lub cev lossis tshuaj lom neeg los tsim cov yeeb yaj kiab nyias.
Raws li cov txheej txheem sib txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem tso tawm, cov txheej txheem vapor deposition tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg: lub cev vapor deposition (PVD) thiab tshuaj vapor deposition (CVD).
Lub cev Vapor Deposition (PVD)
Lub cev vapor deposition yog hais txog cov cuab yeej ntawm vaporizing cov ntaub ntawv rau hauv atoms, molecules los yog ionization rau hauv ions los ntawm lub cev txoj kev nyob rau hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev tej yam kev mob, thiab tso ib tug nyias zaj duab xis rau saum npoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov roj theem txheej txheem.
Cov txheej txheem kev tso tawm lub cev feem ntau suav nrog peb txoj hauv kev: nqus evaporation, sputtering, thiab ion plating.
Lub cev vapor deposition muaj qhov zoo ntawm ntau yam khoom siv substrate thiab cov ntaub ntawv zaj duab xis; txheej txheem yooj yim, cov khoom txuag, thiab tsis muaj kuab paug; Cov zaj duab xis tau txais muaj zog adhesion rau zaj duab xis puag, niaj hnub zaj duab xis thickness, compactness, thiab tsawg pinholes.
Nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm machinery, aerospace, electronics, optics thiab lub teeb kev lag luam los npaj hnav-resistant, corrosion-resistant, tshav kub-resistant, conductive, insulating, optical, sib nqus, piezoelectric, lubricating, superconducting thiab lwm yam nyias films.
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
Chemical vapor deposition yog hais txog ib txoj hauv kev uas cov roj sib xyaw ua ke nrog rau saum npoo ntawm lub substrate los tsim cov hlau lossis cov yeeb yaj kiab sib xyaw rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub substrate ntawm qhov kub thiab txias.
Vim hais tias cov tshuaj vapor deposition zaj duab xis muaj zoo hnav tsis kam, corrosion kuj, tshav kub tsis kam thiab tshwj xeeb zog xws li hluav taws xob thiab optics, nws tau dav siv nyob rau hauv machinery manufacturing, aerospace, tsheb thauj mus los, thee chemical kev lag luam thiab lwm yam kev lag luam teb.
