Cov tooj liab ntshiab yog cov khoom siv dav siv hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob vim nws cov thermal thiab hluav taws xob conductivity siab. Cov ntawv thov sib xws feem ntau suav nrog cov duab geometry nyuaj ua ke nrog cov ntaub ntawv ntom ntom kom txhim kho hluav taws xob conductivity. Rau cov ntawv thov zoo li no, kev tsim khoom ntxiv (AM) zoo li txaus rau cov qauv tsim tshiab.
Ntau qhov tseeb, qhov raug siab thiab qhov kev daws teeb meem uas tau muab los ntawm Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) thev naus laus zis zoo li tshwj xeeb zoo rau kev ua cov duab nyuaj thiab txo cov khoom pov tseg hauv cov txheej txheem. Txawm li cas los xij, vim muaj kev cuam tshuam siab thiab siab thermal conductivity ntawm tooj liab hmoov nyob rau hauv laser infrared laser hluav taws xob, nws tseem yog ib qho teeb meem tiag tiag rau fabricate low-porosity ntshiab tooj liab cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm ib txwm L-PBF txoj kev.
Hmoov cov khoom ntawm tooj liab hmoov
Copper muaj cov thermal conductivity zoo heev, hluav taws xob conductivity, thiab zoo corrosion kuj thiab ductility, thiab nyob rau hauv cov hlau system, tooj liab muaj ib tug ntau yam ntawm qhov chaw thiab tsis tshua muaj nqi, thiab yuav tau lug siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam xws li hluav taws xob thiab thermal cov ntaub ntawv, biomedicine, lwm.. Tooj liab muaj qhov cuam tshuam zoo rau lub teeb laser, nrog rau kev cuam tshuam ntau dua 90 feem pua ntawm cov lasers nrog lub wavelength ntau dua 1060 nm, thiab qhov nqus ntawm ntau tshaj 60 feem pua rau lasers nrog wavelength ntawm 515 nm. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov yam ntxwv ntawm tooj liab coj cov teeb meem nyob rau hauv kev ua ntawm additive manufacturing technology. Tooj liab muaj ib tug kuj siab thermal conductivity. Thaum lub sij hawm tsim cov txheej txheem, cov cua sov yuav raug xa mus sai sai rau qhov chaw yaj, uas ua rau cov thermal gradients hauv zos tau yooj yim ua rau cov txheej txheem tsis xws li txheej curl, delamination, thiab ib feem tsis ua haujlwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub siab ductility ntawm tooj liab yuav ua rau nws nyuaj rau tshem tawm thiab rov ua dua cov hmoov seem ntawm cov khoom tsim. Tsis tas li ntawd, tooj liab hmoov muaj qhov ua haujlwm siab thiab yooj yim rau oxidize. tooj liab hmoov yuav tsum tau tshwj xeeb tuav thiab cia.
Cov kev txwv ntawm tooj liab lub siab thermal conductivity thiab siab xav ntawm lub teeb laser ua rau nws nyuaj rau kev tswj cov txheej txheem ntawm tooj liab hmoov additive manufacturing technology, thiab txoj kev tsim yog nyuaj. Tam sim no, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev siv 3D luam ntawv tooj liab lags qab qee yam khoom siv hlau. Copper, raws li cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke, muaj ntau yam kev xav tau ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab yog qhov kev tshawb fawb hotspot hauv kev lag luam 3D luam ntawv.
Technical nyuaj ntawm tsoos Laser hmoov txaj Fusion sib sau tooj liab
Lub tshav kub qhov chaw ntawm lub laser xaiv melting tshuab yog lub laser beam. Qhov siab ntawm cov tooj liab rau lub laser ua rau feem ntau ntawm lub zog laser yuav tsum tau rov qab mus rau qhov kho qhov muag thaum lub sij hawm tsim cov txheej txheem, thiab tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm lub zog yog absorbed los ntawm tooj liab hmoov. Xi pob zeb yog melted kiag li, thiab cov khoom muaj feem xyuam rau qhov tsis xws luag xws li pores thiab kab nrib pleb, uas coj teeb meem rau kev tsim laser xaiv melting tooj liab. Tam sim no, nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb teb ntawm laser xaiv melting thiab tsim ntawm tooj liab, muaj feem xyuam rau kev tshawb fawb mas tsom rau kev txhim kho qhov ntom ntawm qhov chaw.
Kev tshawb fawb thaum ntxov tau txwv los ntawm cov chaw kho vajtse xws li cov khoom siv laser. Thaum lub sij hawm tsim cov txheej txheem, nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau lub laser kom yaj tag nrho cov hmoov tooj liab, thiab nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau npaj cov khoom ntom. Nrog rau kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv ntawm laser thev naus laus zis, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv laser tau raug txhim kho tas li, thiab lub zog siab tuaj yeem siv los ua kom qhov ntom ntawm qhov chaw. Txawm li cas los xij, lub laser xa rov qab mus rau qhov kho qhov muag yuav ua rau cov khoom siv kho qhov muag puas, thiab tom qab ntawd qee cov kws tshawb fawb tau hais tias cov txheej txheem xws li hloov kho qhov chaw ntawm cov hmoov tooj liab thiab txo cov laser wavelength tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov kev xav ntawm tooj liab. Cov khoom siv laser xaiv melting thaum ntxov siv cov lasers uas tsis tshua muaj zog, tsis muaj kev ruaj ntseg thiab qis beam zoo, yog li nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau ua tiav melting ntawm tooj liab hmoov. Tsuas yog cov hmoov txhuas uas tsis tshua muaj melting point lossis siab laser nqus tau tuaj yeem muab ntxiv rau cov hmoov tooj liab raws li kev khi. Nyob rau hauv laser scanning, lub binder melts los tsim ib theem ua kua uas nyob rau hauv lub pores ntawm tooj liab hmoov hais thiab solidifies kom tiav sintering Kev npaj ntawm qhov chaw. Txoj kev no hu ua "indirect sintering method". Txawm hais tias tag nrho cov ntawv luam tawm ntawm tag nrho ib feem tuaj yeem ua tiav hauv txoj kev no, qee cov kws tshawb fawb muaj feem cuam tshuam tau pom tias cov khoom tau txais tsawg dua.
Hauv kev kawm, Gu Dongdong los ntawm Nanjing University of Aeronautics thiab Astronautics siv CO2 laser nrog lub zog tso zis ntau tshaj ntawm 1 KW, pre-alloyed CuSn hmoov ua ib phau ntawv khi thiab CuP ua deoxidizer rau sinter Cu plus CuSn ntxiv rau CuP hmoov los npaj cov khoom ntom ntom. 82% tooj liab. Tang Y et al. siv 200 W laser rau laser sinter Cu ntxiv rau Cu3P hmoov nrog pre-alloyed hlau hmoov Cu3P raws li ib tug binder, thiab thaum kawg npaj ib feem nrog ib tug ceev ntawm 76 feem pua. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tuam txhab tsim khoom hauv tsev xws li Shenghua 3D kuj tau tshawb nrhiav hauv kev tsis ncaj 3D luam ntawv thiab tsim cov ntaub ntawv tooj liab, thiab tau ua tiav.
Hauv cov ntsiab lus, nws tuaj yeem pom tau tias kev tshawb fawb txog thaum ntxov tseem txwv los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub zog laser thiab beam zoo, uas ua rau qhov ntom ntawm cov khoom npaj tau qis thiab tsim cov khoom tsis zoo. Qhov no yuav tsum tau siv lub zog ntau dua thiab zoo dua lasers kom kov yeej qhov nyuaj ntawm tooj liab qhov nqus ntawm lub teeb ntawm lub teeb thiab tsim kom muaj kev ruaj khov, thiaj li txhim kho qhov zoo thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm laser xaiv melting thiab tsim tooj liab qhov chaw.
Nrog rau kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv ntawm laser thev naus laus zis, kev ruaj ntseg thiab nqaj zoo ntawm lasers kuj tau txhim kho tsis tu ncua, thiab qee cov khoom siv laser nrog cov kab teeb pom kev zoo, kev ruaj ntseg thiab lub zog siab tau muab tso rau hauv kev siv. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb tau sim nrog cov cuab yeej no thiab pom tias qhov ntom ntom ntawm cov khoom tau txhim kho zoo heev. Lykov PA et al. siv Pro DM125 cov cuab yeej los npaj cov qauv tooj liab ntshiab nrog cov txheej txheem sib txawv. Raws li cov xwm txheej ntawm lub zog laser 200 W, scanning ceev 100 mm/s, kab sib nrug 0.12 mm, thiab txheej thickness 0.05 mm, ntshiab tooj liab kuaj nrog ib tug ceev ntawm 88.1 feem pua tau txais. Cov qauv tooj liab. Ikeshoji TT et al. siv 1KW high-power ib hom fiber ntau laser SLM cov cuab yeej, nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm laser zog ntawm 800 W thiab scanning ceev ntawm 300 mm / s, tau ib tug ntshiab tooj liab qauv nrog ib tug ceev ntawm 96.6 feem pua, thiab kawm cov nyhuv ntawm scanning nrug. ntawm kev tsim Raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm qhov zoo ntawm lub workpiece, nws pom tau tias thaum lub scanning deb li ntawm 0.1 hli, qhov ceev ntawm cov qauv tau yog siab tshaj. Colopi M et al. siv tib lub laser SLM cov cuab yeej los npaj cov qauv tooj liab ntshiab nrog qhov ntom ntom ntau dua 97 feem pua. Jadhav SD et al. siv cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob muaj zog fiber ntau kom tau txais cov qauv nrog qhov ceev txog li 98 feem pua hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm lub zog ceev ntawm 740-1120J / mm3.
Txawm hais tias qhov ntom ntom ntawm cov khoom tsim tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev ua kom lub zog laser thiab ua kom zoo rau cov txheej txheem tsim, lub laser rov qab mus rau qhov kho qhov muag yuav rhuav tshem cov txheej txheem kho qhov muag thiab ua rau lub laser puas tsuaj ntxiv. Yog li ntawd, nws tsis yog ib qho kev daws teeb meem zoo thiab ua tau los ntawm kev txhim kho cov nqaj zoo ntawm lub laser thiab nce lub zog laser. Tsuas yog txo qhov kev xav ntawm tooj liab rau lub zog laser yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo los daws qhov teeb meem no. Vim tias tooj liab muaj qhov nqus laser ntau dua 60 feem pua rau wavelengths tsawg dua 515nm. Yog li ntawd, txo cov laser wavelength thiab nce qhov nqus ntawm tooj liab rau laser yog tus yuam sij kom paub laser xaiv txoj kev ntawm tooj liab.
ntsuab laser
Yuav kom daws tau qhov teeb meem ntawm tooj liab lub siab xav txog lub teeb laser, qee lub tsev tshawb fawb txawv teb chaws tau pib siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tshiab uas muaj zog laser uas ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv cov teeb pom kev zoo, thiab sim siv cov khoom siv laser nrog lub wavelength ntawm 515nm (ntsuab laser. ) rau kev sim. Txhim kho laser-tooj liab zog coupling.
Nyob rau hauv 2017, cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Fraunhofer lub koom haum rau Laser Technology hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees coj tus thawj coj hauv kev tshawb nrhiav ntsuab laser luam ntawv ntawm tooj liab ntshiab. Lawv tau tsim ib qho ntsuab laser xaiv laser melting (SLM) system rau ntshiab tooj liab los yog tooj liab alloys. 3D luam ntawv, thev naus laus zis yog hu ua "Green SLM".
Thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 2022, Trumpf (TRUMP) tau nthuav tawm qhov tshiab 3D tshuab luam ntawv-TruPrint 5000 thiab ntsuab laser tshuab ntawm Frankfurt International Formnext exhibition. Hauv xyoo 2021, TRUMP tau tsim nws lub zog 3 kW siab txuas ntxiv ntsuab disc laser. Nws tau tshaj tawm tias qhov nruab nrab cov zis hluav taws xob ntawm cov khoom no yog siab li 3 kilowatts, uas sawv cev rau lub zog muaj zog tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub laser ntsuab tam sim no, thiab yog qhov tsim nyog rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo xws li tooj liab thiab txhuas, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lithium. roj teeb kev lag luam sawv cev los ntawm lub zog tshiab tsheb fais fab roj teeb. , Trumpf ntsuab laser (1000-3000W) tuaj yeem ncav cuag li 120 txheej ntawm tooj liab ntawv hlau vuam, yuav luag tsis muaj spatter, thiab qhov tob tob yog qhov tseeb thiab tswj tau. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub teeb ntsuab muaj zog kuj muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev siv cov khoom siv ntxiv ntawm cov khoom siv tooj liab ntshiab - 3D luam ntawv.
Nyob rau hauv 2018, Shimadzu Corporation (Nyiv) tau luam tawm nws BLUE IMPACT xiav-tshuaj cuam tshuam diode laser, uas tuaj yeem tsim 100 watts ntawm lub zog ntawm qhov ci ntsa iab. Cov khoom no tau tsim los ntawm Shimadzu Corporation hauv kev koom tes nrog Osaka University hauv Nyij Pooj ua ib feem ntawm txoj haujlwm hauv tebchaws Nyij Pooj. Lub BLUE IMPACT laser sib txuas ntau lub gallium nitride (GaN) xiav laser diodes los ntawm Nichia Chemical Corporation (Nyiv), ob npaug ntawm kev ua haujlwm txij li xyoo 2006 thiab nce lub zog tso zis los ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov loj. Ib daim ntawv thov tseem ceeb rau Shimadzu's 450nm xiav diode laser yog 3D luam ntawv ntawm cov khoom siv tooj liab.
Lub laser ntsuab saum toj no tau pom thaum xyoo 1960 txog xyoo 1980. Nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, tib neeg siv ntau yam khoom siv siv lead ua tsis zoo los ua kom tsis muaj zog ntau zaus-ob npaug Nd:YAG lasers kom tau txais lub teeb ntsuab. Nyob rau xyoo 1990, tag nrho cov khoom-lub xeev ntsuab lasers nrog lub zog siab thiab rov ua dua tus nqi, uas muaj qhov zoo ntawm lub neej ntev, kev ntseeg siab, me me, thiab kev ua haujlwm siab, tau ua tiav qhov kev loj hlob tsis tau muaj dua. Nrog rau kev txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm domestic semiconductor lasers thiab txo tus nqi ntawm txawv teb chaws semiconductor lasers, kev tshawb fawb ntawm domestic tag nrho cov khoom-lub xeev high-power ntsuab lasers kuj ua tau zoo.
Kev siv cov lasers ntsuab tau ua pov thawj rau ob peb zoo dua rau tooj liab hauv kev siv vuam. Qhov tseeb, ntsuab wavelengths (λ=532 los yog 515 nm) yog yooj yim absorbed los ntawm ntshiab tooj liab tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov khoom, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub xeev cov kua. Cov kev nqus tau zoo sib xws yuav tsum nyob nruab nrab ntawm 40 feem pua thiab 60 feem pua ntawm cov khoom hauv lub xeev thiab 25 feem pua rau 50 feem pua ntawm cov kua hauv lub xeev. Raws li kev tshawb fawb tau muab los ntawm German lub koom haum ntawm Photon Technology, thaum tooj liab nyob rau hauv ib tug ruaj khov lub xeev ntawm chav tsev kub ntawm 20 degree, tus nqi nqus rau lub teeb ntsuab band yog hais txog 40 feem pua; Hloov chaw, nws poob li ntawm 5 feem pua. Ntawd yog, qhov nqus ntawm lub teeb ntsuab txo qis me ntsis tom qab tooj liab melted. Qhov no feature pab kom ua tiav ib tug ruaj khov qhov me me thiab yuav luag xoom spatter thaum machining tooj liab. Qhov no yog qhov pom tseeb kom zoo dua ntawm ntsuab laser hla infrared laser vuam. Yog li, kev txhawb nqa kev siv dav dav ntawm cov lasers ntsuab ntawm L-PBF tooj liab yog lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb tam sim no.
xiav laser
Ib txoj hauv kev thib ob los txhim kho laser-tooj liab zog txuas yog siv lub laser xiav, yog li ntawd, lub zog loj xiav diode lasers ntawm lub wavelength ntawm 450 nm kuj tseem muaj zog sib tw rau laser 3D luam ntawv tooj liab.
Hauv kev kawm ntawm cov tooj liab ntshiab thiab Cu-6Sn alloy, Hummel et al. taw qhia tias qhov nqus ntawm tooj liab rau lub teeb xiav laser yog txawm tias siab dua 515-530 nm, thiab tus nqi nqus yog siab li 80 feem pua hauv lub xeev conductive vuam, thaum ntawm 515 nm 60 feem pua. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias lub zog siab dua twb nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob, uas twb muaj lawm xiav laser diodes tseem txwv nyob rau hauv brightness thiab muaj tsom xam beam txoj kab uas hla, uas txwv lawv muaj peev xwm thov nyob rau hauv L-PBFs, vim qhov no yuav tsum tau ntau dua scanning ceev rau laser vuam.
duab
△ Tooj, kub, txhuas, thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv nqus xiav laser lub teeb zoo dua li lwm cov wavelengths ntawm lub teeb laser. Duab los ntawm NUBURU/NASA 1969
Nyob rau lub Tsib Hlis 2022, Antarctic Xyooj paub tias Essentium, cov khoom qub tsim khoom tom qab High Speed Extrusion (HSE) 3D luam ntawv thev naus laus zis, thiab NUBURU, tus kws tshaj lij kev lag luam laser, tau sib koom ua ke los tsim lub tshuab luam ntawv xiav xiav laser 3D tshiab uas tuaj yeem daws tau. cov ntsiab lus mob ntawm kev xav tau yooj yim thiab nyuaj tsim nyob rau hauv cov tsoos hlau 3D luam ntawv txheej txheem ntawm tooj liab / kub / txhuas / stainless hlau thiab lwm yam hlau. Nws tau tshaj tawm tias lub tshuab tshiab laser hlau 3D tshuab luam ntawv yuav koom ua ke NUBURU lub tswv yim xiav laser thev naus laus zis thiab tuaj yeem ua cov ntaub ntawv hauv daim ntawv pub mis, yog li peb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias nws ua haujlwm raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev qhia lub zog tso nyiaj (DED). Tsis tas li ntawd, NUBURU thov hais tias xiav laser tshuab tuaj yeem ua kom 3D luam ntawv mus txog 10 npaug sai dua li cov neeg sib tw, thaum tseem luam ntawv hlau ntawm qhov ntom ntom heev.
duab
△A NUBURU xiav laser. Photo via NUBURU.
NUBURU, lwm lub tuam txhab tsom mus rau high-power xiav laser tshuab, tau tsa $ 20 lab los tsim cov kab ntau lawm thiab tsim kev lag luam rau lub zog cia, tsheb fais fab thiab 3D luam ntawv. Laser cladding thiab laser hlau deposition (LMD) yog ob daim ntawv thov uas cov ntaub ntawv raw yog rhuab rau nws melting point thiab adhered rau saum npoo. Raws li NUBURU, qhov zoo ntawm nws cov tshuab xiav laser tso cai rau cladding ntawm tooj liab mus rau stainless hlau (thiab vice versa). Muaj xiav lasers tuaj yeem tso cov tooj liab hlau txheej los ntawm txheej. Qhov kom zoo dua no txuas mus rau laser hlau deposition additive manufacturing txheej txheem (LMD). Rau kub, tooj liab, txhuas thiab lwm yam hlau reflective, lub xiav laser tuaj yeem tsim sai dua Infrared lasers yog 10 npaug sai dua thiab xa khoom zoo dua.
polar dais cov ntsiab lus
Cov kev tshawb fawb saum toj no ua pov thawj tias ob qho tib si ntsuab laser thiab ntsuab laser tuaj yeem siv los ua lub teeb pom kev zoo rau 3D luam ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hlau zoo heev, thiab 3D luam ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tooj liab ntshiab tuaj yeem daws cov teeb meem cuam tshuam zoo thiab ua tiav ntau dua. Txawm li cas los xij, tus nqi ntawm ob lub lasers no tseem siab nyob rau tam sim no, thiab kev txhim kho thiab txo tus nqi ntawm ntsuab / xiav lasers tseem yog cov teeb meem uas yuav tsum tau daws yav tom ntej. Nws yog qhov pom tau tias yog laser 3D luam ntawv thev naus laus zis tuaj yeem siv rau cov khoom siv tooj liab ntshiab ntawm qhov loj, kev lag luam loj ntawm 3D luam ntawv tooj liab cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau nthuav dav ntxiv.
