Aviation manufacturing yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm high-tech thiab belongs rau advanced manufacturing technology. Piv txwv li, lub cav F119 tsim los ntawm Pratt & Whitney ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, F120 lub cav ntawm General Electric Company, M88-2 cav ntawm SNECMA Company ntawm Fabkis, thiab lub cav EJ200 sib koom ua ke tsim los ntawm United Kingdom, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees , Ltalis thiab Spain. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog hais tias cov tshuab aero-engines sawv cev rau lub ntiaj teb qib siab tshaj plaws muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev siv cov ntaub ntawv tshiab, cov txheej txheem tshiab thiab cov thev naus laus zis tshiab. xya cov ntaub ntawv tshiab siv tau qhia raws li hauv qab no:
1
Carbon / Carbon Composite
Dab tsi yog carbon / carbon composites? Nws yog cov khoom siv carbon matrix sib xyaw ua ke los ntawm cov pa roj carbon fiber ntau thiab nws cov ntaub, nrog qhov ntom ntom (<2.0g/cm3), high strength, high specific modulus, high thermal conductivity, low expansion coefficient, good friction performance, and good thermal shock resistance , high dimensional stability, etc., especially the few candidate materials used above 1650 °C, the highest theoretical temperature is as high as 2600 °C, so it is considered to be one of the most promising high-temperature materials in the world.
Txawm hais tias carbon / carbon composites muaj ntau yam zoo heev kub kub, lawv raug oxidation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw aerobic nrog kub siab tshaj 400 degree, uas ua rau ib tug ntse poob rau hauv cov khoom ntawm cov khoom. Yog li ntawd, kev siv cov pa roj carbon / carbon composites nyob rau hauv high-temperature aerobic ib puag ncig yuav tsum muaj kev tiv thaiv oxidation. Kev tiv thaiv oxidation ntawm carbon / carbon composites feem ntau yog los ntawm ob txoj kev hauv qab no, uas yog, kev hloov kho matrix thiab passivation ntawm cov ntsiab lus saum npoo tuaj yeem siv los tiv thaiv carbon / carbon composites ntawm qhov kub thiab txias; Raws li qhov kub thiab txias, Cov txheej txheem txheej yuav tsum tau siv los cais cov pa roj carbon / carbon cov khoom sib xyaw los ntawm kev sib cuag nrog oxygen, thiaj li ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tiv thaiv oxidation. Tam sim no, txoj kev txheej txheej yog txoj kev siv ntau tshaj plaws. Nrog rau kev nce qib ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis tsis tu ncua, muaj kev cia siab ntau dua ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab kub ntawm cov pa roj carbon / carbon cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw, thiab tsuas yog muaj peev xwm oxidation tiv thaiv kev daws teeb meem nyob rau hauv ultra-siab kub tej yam kev mob tsuas yog txheej tiv thaiv. .
Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog hais tias C / C-raws li cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw yog cov khoom siv tshiab nrog kev kub siab dua uas tau txais kev nyiam tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb hauv xyoo tas los no. Vim tias tsuas yog C / C cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw suav nrog tsuas yog cov khoom siv txuas ntxiv rau turbine rotor blades nrog qhov sib zog-rau-hnyav piv ntawm ntau dua 20 thiab lub cav inlet kub ntawm 1930-2227 degree . Lub hom phiaj siab tshaj plaws uas tau nrhiav los ntawm cov teb chaws muaj kev lag luam siab heev.
Lub npe hu ua C / C-raws li cov khoom siv sib xyaw yog cov khoom siv carbon fiber-reinforced carbon yooj yim cov khoom sib xyaw, uas ua ke cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm cov pa roj carbon nrog lub zog siab thiab siab rigidity ntawm carbon fiber, ua rau nws tsis nkig. Vim hais tias C / C-raws li cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw muaj lub teeb yuag, siab zog, superior thermal stability thiab zoo thermal conductivity, lawv yog cov zoo tagnrho high-temperature-resistant cov ntaub ntawv niaj hnub no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv high-temperature ib puag ncig ntawm 1000-1300 degree C. . Tsis tsuas yog lub zog tsis txo qis, tab sis nws muaj peev xwm nce ntxiv. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum nws qis dua 1650 degree, nws tseem tuav lub zog thiab kev tshav ntuj ntawm chav sov. Yog li ntawd, C / C-based composites muaj peev xwm loj hlob hauv kev tsim khoom hauv aerospace.
Nws yog tsim nyog hais tias ib qho ntawm cov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm C / C-raws li cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw hauv kev siv aero-engines yog qhov tsis zoo oxidation tsis kam. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, Tebchaws Asmeskas tau txais kev siv thev naus laus zis los daws qhov teeb meem no, thiab maj mam siv rau lub cav tshiab. Piv txwv li, lub tail nozzle ntawm lub afterburner ntawm American F119 cav, lub nozzle thiab combustion chamber nozzle ntawm lub F100 cav, thiab ib co ntawm cov combustion chamber ntawm lub F120 pov thawj tshuab tau ua los ntawm C / C-raws li cov ntaub ntawv. Lwm qhov piv txwv yog Fabkis M88-2 lub cav, thiab cov roj txhaj tshuaj tom qab hluav taws xob, cov ntaub thaiv hluav taws kub, thiab lub taub hau ntawm Mirage 2000 lub cav kuj siv cov khoom siv C/C.
2
Cov khoom siv tshiab ntawm ultra-siab zog steel
Dab tsi yog Ultra High Strength Steel? Hauv nruab nrab -1940s, Tebchaws Meskas tau tsim Cr-Mo steel (AISI4130) thiab Cr-Ni-Mo steel (AISI 4340). Tom qab quenching thiab low-temperature tempering, lub zog tensile yog 170 thiab 190kgf / mm2 feem. Thaum ntxov xyoo 1950, Si thiab V tau ntxiv rau AISI 4340 steel ua 300M nrog lub zog tensile ntawm 190 ~ 210kgf / mm2. Xyoo 1960, Lub Tuam Txhab International Nickel tau tsim cov hlau nplaum nrog lub zog tensile ntawm txog 180kgf / mm2, tawg toughness txog 390kgf / mm. Nyob rau xyoo 1970, Tebchaws Meskas tau txo C thiab nce Si ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm 300M, txhim kho toughness, thiab tsim rau hauv HP310 steel; Raws li lub hauv paus ntawm maraging steel, nws tau tsim rau hauv AF1410 steel, nrog lub zog tensile ntawm 170kgf / mm2 thiab tawg toughness ntawm 400kgf / mm2 mm.
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Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias ultra-high-lub zog steel yuav tsum muaj siab tensile lub zog thiab tuav txaus toughness. Nws kuj yuav tsum muaj lub zog tshwj xeeb loj (qhov sib piv ntawm lub zog rau qhov ntom ntom) thiab cov txiaj ntsig siab (σs / σb) kom txo qhov hnyav ntawm cov khoom, thiab yuav tsum muaj qhov zoo weldability thiab formability thiab lwm yam txheej txheem. Ultra-high-strength steel muaj cov kev xav tau siab heev ntawm metallurgical zoo, thiab feem ntau smelted los ntawm hluav taws xob arc rauv thiab electroslag remelting. Cov hom hlau uas xav tau siab purity feem ntau yog smelted nyob rau hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev induction furnaces los yog lub tshuab nqus tsev consumable electric arc furnaces. Nruab nrab- thiab qis-alloy ultra-high-strength steels yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv los ntawm decarburization thaum kho cua sov; maraging steels thiab nag lossis daus-hardening stainless hlau tuaj yeem ua tau zoo-kho daws hauv cov cua sov cua sov. Tiv thaiv roj vuam los yog argon tungsten arc vuam yuav tsum tau siv rau vuam. Qee qhov qis-alloy ultra-high-strength steels nrog cov ntsiab lus carbon siab (txog 0.4 feem pua) yuav tsum tau txo qis kev ntxhov siab tam sim ntawd tom qab vuam.
Nws yog tsim nyog hais tias ultra-high-lub zog steel yog siv los ua cov khoom siv rau kev tsaws iav ntawm lub dav hlau. Piv txwv li, lub tsaws iav siv nyob rau hauv lub thib ob tiam aircraft yog ua los ntawm 30CrMnSiNi2A steel nrog lub zog tensile ntawm 1700MPa. Hom kev tsaws iav no muaj lub neej ua haujlwm luv luv txog 2000 lub sijhawm ya davhlau.
Lwm qhov piv txwv yog tias tus qauv tsim ntawm lub dav hlau thib peb yuav tsum muaj lub neej ntawm cov iav tsaws kom siab tshaj 5, 000 teev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, vim qhov nce hauv cov khoom siv hauv huab cua, qhov hnyav coefficient ntawm cov qauv dav hlau txo qis, thiab cov kev xav tau siab dua tau muab tso rau hauv kev xaiv cov khoom siv tsaws iav thiab cov cuab yeej tsim khoom. Ob lub tebchaws Asmeskas thiab peb cov neeg sib tw thib peb siv 300M steel (lub zog tensile 1950MPa) tsaws iav tsim tshuab.
Qhov tseeb, kev txhim kho ntawm cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis yog txhawb kev txuas ntxiv ntawm lub neej ntawm cov iav tsaws thiab kev nthuav dav ntawm kev hloov pauv. Piv txwv li, lub tsaws iav ntawm European Airbus A380 aircraft txais super-loj ib qho tseem ceeb forging forging technology, tshiab huab cua tiv thaiv tshav kub kho tshuab thiab high-speed nplaim spraying tshuab, thiaj li hais tias lub neej ntawm lub tsaws iav tuaj yeem ua tau raws li cov qauv tsim. Yog li ntawd, kev qhia txog cov khoom siv tshiab thiab cov txheej txheem tsim khoom tau ua kom muaj kev hloov ntawm cov dav hlau.
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Raws li peb txhua tus paub, lub neej ntev ntawm lub dav hlau tsim nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig corrosion-resistant tso rau pem hauv ntej ntau dua cov khoom siv. Piv txwv li, AerMet100 steel muaj tib lub zog zoo li 300M steel, tab sis nws cov kev tiv thaiv corrosion thiab kev ntxhov siab corrosion kuj zoo dua li 300M steel. Cov cuab yeej siv dav hlau tsaws tsaws sib xws tau siv rau cov dav hlau siab tshaj xws li F/A-18E/F, F-22, thiab F-35. Lub zog siab dua Aermet310 steel muaj qis dua pob txha toughness thiab tseem tab tom tsim thiab txhim kho. Qhov kev loj hlob tawg ntawm kev puas tsuaj-tiv taus ultra-high-strength steel AF1410 yog qhov qeeb heev, uas tuaj yeem siv los ua kev sib koom ua ke ntawm tus actuator ntawm tis ntawm B-1 aircraft, uas yog 10.6 feem pua tshaj dua Ti. -6Al-4V, nrog rau 60 feem pua nce hauv kev ua haujlwm thiab 30.3 feem pua ntawm cov nqi txo . Piv txwv li, tus nqi ntawm high-strength stainless hlau siv nyob rau hauv Russia lub Smig-1.42 yog siab li 30 feem pua. PH13-8Mo yog tib lub zog martensitic nag lossis daus-hardening stainless hlau dav siv los ua cov khoom tiv thaiv corrosion. Ultra-high-strength iav (cov kabmob) steels kuj tau tsim thoob ntiaj teb, xws li CSS-42L, Gearmet C69, thiab lwm yam, thiab tau siv rau hauv tshuab, nyoob hoom qav taub thiab aerospace.
3
High kub alloy khoom
Dab tsi yog cov khoom siv superalloy? High-temperature alloys tau muab faib ua peb hom khoom: 760 degree high-temperature cov ntaub ntawv, 1200 degree high-temperature cov ntaub ntawv thiab 1500 degree high-temperature cov ntaub ntawv, nrog ib tug tensile zog ntawm 800MPa. Hauv lwm lo lus, nws hais txog cov khoom siv hlau kub kub uas ua haujlwm ntev hauv qab 760-1500 degree thiab qee yam kev ntxhov siab. Nws cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb: nws muaj lub zog kub zoo heev, zoo oxidation tsis kam thiab thermal corrosion kuj, kev ua haujlwm zoo qaug zog, tawg toughness thiab lwm yam khoom siv, thiab tau dhau los ua cov khoom tseem ceeb uas tsis tuaj yeem hloov tau rau qhov kub kawg ntawm cov roj turbine xyaw rau cov tub rog thiab cov neeg pej xeem. siv thoob ntiaj teb.
760 degree high-temperature cov ntaub ntawv Txij li thaum xyoo 1930s, Tebchaws Askiv, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Tebchaws Meskas thiab lwm lub tebchaws tau pib kawm superalloys. Thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II, txhawm rau ua kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm cov tshuab aero-engines tshiab, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev siv superalloys nkag mus rau lub sijhawm ntawm kev loj hlob sai. Thaum xyoo 1940, lub tebchaws United Kingdom thawj zaug ntxiv ib qho me me ntawm txhuas thiab titanium rau 80Ni-20Cr alloy los ua 'theem (gamma prime) rau kev ntxiv dag zog, thiab tsim thawj nickel-based alloy nrog siab siab. - kub lub zog. Lub sijhawm no, txhawm rau ua kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm kev txhim kho turbochargers rau piston aeroengines, Tebchaws Meskas tau pib siv Vitallium cobalt-based alloys los ua cov hniav.
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Nws yog tsim nyog hais tias lub tebchaws United States kuj tau tsim Inconel nickel-raws li alloys los ua combustion chambers rau dav hlau cav. Tom qab ntawd, txhawm rau txhawm rau txhim kho qhov kub thiab txias zog ntawm cov hlau, cov neeg hlau metallurgists tau ntxiv cov ntsiab lus xws li tungsten, molybdenum, thiab cobalt rau cov nickel-based alloy kom nce cov ntsiab lus ntawm txhuas thiab titanium, thiab tsim ntau cov alloys, xws li. raws li "Nimonic" hauv tebchaws United Kingdom, thiab "Nimonic" hauv Tebchaws Meskas. "Mar-M" thiab "IN", thiab lwm yam; Ntxiv npib tsib xee, tungsten thiab lwm yam khoom rau cov cobalt-raws li alloys los tsim ntau yam ntawm high-temperature alloys, xws li X-45, HA-188, FSX-414, thiab lwm yam. Vim yog qhov tsis muaj peev txheej cobalt, kev txhim kho ntawm cobalt-based superalloys yog txwv.
Hauv xyoo 1940, cov hlau-raws li superalloys kuj tau tsim. Nyob rau xyoo 1950, qib xws li A-286 thiab Incoloy901 tau tshwm sim, tab sis vim qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, kev loj hlob qeeb. Lub qub Soviet Union pib tsim "ЭИ" hom npib tsib xee-raws li superalloys nyob rau hauv 1950, thiab tom qab ntawd tsim "ЭП" series ntawm deformed superalloys thiab ЖС series ntawm cam khwb cia superalloys. Nyob rau xyoo 1970, Tebchaws Meskas kuj tau txais cov txheej txheem tsim khoom tshiab los tsim cov kev taw qhia crystallization hniav thiab hmoov metallurgy turbine disks, thiab tsim cov khoom kub kub xws li cov siv lead ua ib leeg kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm kev nce hauv qhov kub ntawm aero. - cav turbines.
Superalloys yog tsim los ua kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm lub tshuab dav hlau ntawm cov khoom siv, thiab tau dhau los ua cov khoom tseem ceeb uas tsis tuaj yeem hloov tau rau cov tub rog thiab cov neeg pej xeem roj turbine cav kub kawg. Nyob rau hauv advanced aero-engines, qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm high-temperature alloys tau mus txog ntau tshaj 50 feem pua.
Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm high-temperature alloys yog ze ze rau kev kawm txuj ci ntawm aero-engines, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov turbine disk, turbine hniav khoom thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm cov kub-kawg qhov chaw ntawm lub engine yog ib qho tseem ceeb cov cim ntawm lub engine kev loj hlob. Vim tias qhov kev xav tau siab ntawm qhov kub thiab txias thiab kev ntxhov siab ntawm cov khoom siv, Ni3 (Al, Ti) ntxiv dag zog rau Nimonic80 alloy tau tsim nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov hnub hauv UK, uas tau siv los ua cov khoom siv rau cov turbine hniav. turbojet cav. Tsis tas li ntawd, Nimonic series alloy tau tsim tas li. Tebchaws Asmeskas tau tsim cov khoom tawg-pov thawj uas muaj zog nickel-raws li alloys uas muaj txhuas thiab titanium, xws li Inconel, Mar-M thiab Udmit alloy series tsim los ntawm lub tuam txhab nto moo Pratt & Whitney, GE Company thiab Special Metals Company feem.
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Nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm superalloys, cov txheej txheem tsim khoom plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhawb kev tsim cov alloys. Vim qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev melting tshuab, tshem tawm cov teeb meem impurities thiab gases nyob rau hauv alloys, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov meej tswj ntawm alloy muaj pes tsawg leeg, tsis tu ncua kev ua tau zoo ntawm superalloys. Hauv tshwj xeeb, kev tshawb fawb tau zoo ntawm cov thev naus laus zis tshiab xws li kev taw qhia kev ruaj ntseg, ib qho siv lead ua loj hlob, hmoov metallurgy, mechanical alloying, ceramic core, ceramic filtration, thiab isothermal forging tau txhawb txoj kev loj hlob sai ntawm superalloys. Ntawm lawv, cov kev taw qhia solidification technology yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Cov kev taw qhia thiab ib leeg siv lead ua hlau ua los ntawm cov txheej txheem kev taw qhia muaj zog muaj qhov kev pabcuam kub ze rau 90 feem pua ntawm qhov pib melting point. Yog li ntawd, advanced aero-engine blades nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no siv directional, ib leeg-crystal alloys los tsim turbine hniav. Los ntawm kev xav thoob ntiaj teb, nickel-based cam khwb cia superalloys tau tsim equiaxed crystals, directionally solidified columnar crystals thiab ib qho siv lead ua alloy tshuab. Hmoov superalloys kuj tau tsim los ntawm thawj tiam ntawm 650 degree mus rau 750 degree, 850 degree hmoov turbine disks thiab dual-kev ua tau zoo hmoov disks rau cov qib siab ua haujlwm siab.
4
ceramic matrix composites
Dab tsi yog Ceramic Matrix Composites? Nws yog ib hom khoom sib xyaw uas siv ceramics ua cov matrix thiab ntau fibers. Ceramic matrix tuaj yeem ua cov txheej txheem kub kub xws li silicon nitride thiab silicon carbide. Cov ceramics siab heev no muaj cov khoom zoo xws li kub tsis kam, siab zog thiab rigidity, kuj lub teeb yuag, thiab corrosion kuj. Lub cev tsis muaj zog yog tias lawv nkig. Thaum lawv muaj kev ntxhov siab, lawv yuav tawg lossis tawg ua rau cov khoom tsis ua haujlwm. Kev siv lub zog muaj zog, high-elastic fiber ntau thiab matrix composite yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo los txhim kho toughness thiab kev ntseeg siab ntawm ceramics. Fibers tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov kab nrib pleb los ntawm kev nthuav dav, yog li tau txais fiber ntau ntxiv cov ceramic matrix composites nrog zoo heev toughness.
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Ceramic matrix composites tau siv ua kua foob pob ua ntxaij cav nozzles, missile radomes, chaw shuttle qhov ntswg cones, aircraft nres discs thiab high-end tsheb nres discs, thiab lwm yam., ua ib tug tseem ceeb ceg ntawm high-tech cov ntaub ntawv tshiab.
Vim tias cov ntaub ntawv ceramic muaj kev hnav zoo heev, siab hardness thiab zoo corrosion kuj, lawv tau siv dav. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tsis zoo tshaj plaws ntawm ceramics yog tias lawv nkig thiab rhiab rau cov kab nrib pleb thiab qhov hws. Txij li thaum xyoo 1980s, ceramic matrix composites tau los ntawm kev ntxiv cov khoom, whiskers, thiab fibers rau cov ntaub ntawv ceramic tau zoo heev txhim kho cov tawv nqaij ntawm ceramics.
Ceramic matrix composites muaj lub zog siab, siab modulus, tsis tshua muaj siab, kub tsis kam, hnav tsis kam thiab corrosion kuj, thiab zoo toughness, thiab tau siv nyob rau hauv high-speed txiav cov cuab yeej thiab combustion engine Cheebtsam. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov khoom siv no kuj lig, thiab nws lub peev xwm tseem tsis tau tsim ntxiv. Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tshawb fawb yog siv rau cov ntaub ntawv kub thiab hnav-resistant thiab corrosion-resistant cov ntaub ntawv, xws li txhim kho turbines rau high-power internal combustion engines, thermal Cheebtsam rau aerospace tsheb, thiab lub tsheb cav es tsis txhob ntawm hlau, petrochemical ntim. , khib nyiab incineration khoom, thiab lwm yam.
Thaum nws los txog rau ceramics, tib neeg ib txwm xav txog nws cov brittleness. Ntau tshaj kaum xyoo dhau los, yog tias nws tau siv los ua cov khoom thauj khoom hauv engineering, nws tsis tuaj yeem ua rau leej twg lees txais nws. Txog tam sim no, thaum nws los txog rau cov khoom siv ceramics, qee cov neeg yuav tsis paub meej, xav tias ceramics thiab hlau yog thawj ob yam khoom tsis cuam tshuam. Txawm li cas los xij, txij li thaum tib neeg ua ke ua ke ceramics thiab hlau, tib neeg lub tswv yim ntawm cov khoom siv no tau hloov pauv, uas yog ceramic matrix composites.
Ceramic matrix composite khoom yog ib qho kev cog lus tshiab cov khoom siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam aviation, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv thov ntawm aero-engine manufacturing, nws yog nce qhia nws uniqueness. Ntxiv nrog rau qhov zoo ntawm lub teeb yuag thiab siab hardness, ceramic matrix composites kuj muaj qhov kub thiab txias tsis kam thiab kub corrosion kuj. Tam sim no, ceramic matrix composites tau dhau los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob kub-resistant nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kub tsis kam, thiab muaj zoo mechanical zog thiab tshuaj stability. Lawv yog cov khoom siv zoo tshaj plaws thiab zoo heev rau cov chaw kub kub ntawm cov tshuab ua haujlwm siab turbine.
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Lub teb chaws thoob ntiaj teb tab tom tsom mus rau kev tshawb fawb ntawm silicon nitride thiab silicon carbide reinforced ceramics kom tau raws li cov khoom siv ntawm cov tiam tom ntej ntawm cov tshuab siab heev.
cov ntaub ntawv, thiab tau ua tiav zoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv niaj hnub aero-engines. Piv txwv li, lub cav F120 ntawm lub tshuab kuaj xyuas Asmeskas, nws cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob siab siab sealing, thiab qee qhov kub ntawm cov chav combustion yog txhua yam ua los ntawm cov khoom siv ceramic. Piv txwv li, lub combustion chamber thiab nozzle ntawm Fabkis M88-2 cav kuj siv ceramic matrix composites.
5
Cov ntaub ntawv tshiab ntawm intermetallic compounds
Dab tsi yog intermetallic compounds? Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov hlau thiab hlau lossis hlau thiab metalloids (xws li H, B, N, S, P, C, Si, thiab lwm yam). Lub atoms ntawm ob hlau yog ua ke nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam kev faib ua feem rau tsim ib tug alloy muaj pes tsawg leeg uas txawv los ntawm cov thawj ob siv lead ua lattices. Intermetallic compounds yog hom tshiab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas tau txais kev saib xyuas thoob plaws.
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Qhov tseeb, kev txhim kho ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab, siab-thrust-rau-hnyav piv aeroengines tau txhawb txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev siv cov khoom sib txuas ntawm intermetallic. Intermetallic compounds feem ntau yog cov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm binary, ternary lossis ntau lub ntsiab lus hlau. Intermetallic compounds muaj peev xwm zoo nyob rau hauv high-temperature structural applications. Nws muaj qhov kub thiab txias kev pab cuam, tshwj xeeb lub zog, thermal conductivity, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv high kub, nws kuj muaj zoo oxidation kuj, corrosion kuj thiab siab creep zog. . Tsis tas li ntawd, vim hais tias cov intermetallic compound yog cov khoom siv tshiab ntawm cov khoom siv superalloy thiab cov khoom siv ceramic, nws ua rau qhov sib txawv ntawm ob cov ntaub ntawv, yog li nws dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov khoom zoo tshaj plaws rau cov khoom kub-kub ntawm aero-engines.
Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no aero-engine qauv, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev loj hlob mas yog tsom rau intermetallic tebchaw xws li titanium-aluminium thiab nickel-aluminium. Cov titanium aluminium compounds muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ntom ntom li titanium, tab sis muaj qhov kub thiab txias. Piv txwv li, kev khiav hauj lwm kub ntawm TiAl yog 816 degree thiab 982 degree feem. Lub intermetallic compound muaj ib qho kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov atoms thiab cov qauv siv lead ua nyuaj, uas ua rau nws nyuaj rau deform, thiab nws yog ib qho nyuaj thiab nkig ntawm chav tsev kub. Tom qab xyoo dhau los ntawm kev tshawb fawb, ib hom tshiab ntawm cov hlau uas muaj qhov kub thiab txias zog, chav tsev kub plasticity thiab toughness tau ua tiav, thiab nws tau raug ntsia thiab siv, thiab cov nyhuv zoo heev. Piv txwv li, lub tshuab ua haujlwm siab F119 hauv Tebchaws Meskas siv cov khoom sib txuas sib txuas hauv cov casing thiab turbine disks, thiab cov compressor blades thiab disks ntawm lub cav pov thawj F120 cav siv cov titanium-aluminium intermetallic tshiab.
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resin matrix composites
Dab tsi yog resin matrix composites? Nws yog cov khoom siv fiber ntau raws li cov organic polymer, feem ntau yog siv cov khoom siv fiber ntau xws li iav fiber ntau, carbon fiber, basalt fiber lossis aramid fiber. Resin-based composite cov ntaub ntawv yog dav siv hauv aviation, tsheb thiab marine industries.
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Resin matrix ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw yog tsuas yog thermosetting cob. Thaum ntxov li xyoo 1940, fiberglass reinforced plastics tau siv los ua radomes ntawm cov dav hlau fighter thiab bombers. Xyoo 1960, Tebchaws Meskas tau siv boron fiber reinforced epoxy resin li rudders, horizontal stabilizers, tis trailing edges, rudder door, etc. rau cov tub rog aircraft xws li F-4 thiab F-111. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm missile manufacturing, nyob rau hauv lub lig 1950s, lub casing ntawm lub thib ob-theem khoom foob pob ua ntxaij lub cev muaj zog ntawm US nruab nrab-ntau submarine missile "Polaris A-2" siv iav fiber reinforced epoxy resin winding qhov chaw, uas yog zoo dua. tshaj steel casings. 27% sib dua; Tom qab ntawd, cov iav fiber ntau ua tau zoo tau siv los hloov cov iav fiber ntau los ua "Polaris A-3", uas ua rau lub plhaub hnyav 50 feem pua sib dua li ntawm cov plhaub hlau, kom qhov ntau ntawm "Polaris A{{ 12}}" missile tau hloov los ntawm 2700 txhiab meters nce mus rau 4500 km. Xyoo 1970s, aramid fiber ntau tau siv los hloov cov iav fiber ntau los txhawb cov epoxy resin, thiab lub zog tau zoo heev, thaum qhov hnyav tau txo. Carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin composites yog dav siv hauv aircraft, missiles, satellites thiab lwm yam qauv.
Kev tshawb fawb txog kev siv cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke hauv aviation turbofan xyaw pib hauv xyoo 1950. Tom qab ntau tshaj 60 xyoo ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, GE, PW, RR, MTU, SNECMA thiab lwm lub tuam txhab tau nqis peev ntau lub zog hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke, thiab ua tiav cov kev kawm tau zoo, thiab nws cov engineering muaj tau siv rau aviation turbofan xyaw, thiab muaj kev nyiam mus nthuav nws daim ntawv thov.
Qhov kev pab cuam kub ntawm resin matrix composites feem ntau tsis tshaj 350 degree. Yog li ntawd, resin matrix composites yog siv nyob rau hauv txias kawg ntawm aero-engines.
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hlau matrix composites
Dab tsi yog hlau matrix composites? Nws yog cov khoom sib xyaw uas yog cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke nrog cov hlau thiab nws cov hlau ua cov matrix thiab ib qho los yog ntau cov hlau los yog cov hlau tsis yog hlau. Feem ntau ntawm nws cov ntaub ntawv txhawb zog yog cov hlau tsis muaj hlau, xws li ceramics, carbon, graphite thiab boron, thiab lwm yam, thiab cov hlau hlau kuj siv tau. Ua ke nrog polymer matrix composites, ceramic matrix composites thiab carbon / carbon composites, nws tsim ib tug niaj hnub composite system.
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Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv hlau matrix: nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm mechanics, lawv muaj siab transverse thiab shear lub zog, zoo txhua yam khoom xws li toughness thiab qaug zog, thiab kuj muaj thermal conductivity, hluav taws xob conductivity, hnav tsis kam, thermal expansion coefficient me me, zoo damping. , tsis muaj noo noo nqus, thiab tsis muaj corrosion kuj. Qhov zoo xws li kev laus thiab tsis muaj kuab paug. Piv txwv li, lub zog tshwj xeeb ntawm carbon fiber reinforced aluminium composite cov ntaub ntawv yog 3 ~ 4 × 107mm, thiab cov modulus tshwj xeeb yog 6 ~ 8 × 109mm. Piv txwv li, qhov tshwj xeeb modulus ntawm graphite fiber reinforced magnesium tuaj yeem ncav cuag 1.5 × 1010mm, thiab nws cov thermal expansion coefficient yuav luag xoom.
Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog hais tias, piv nrog cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke, cov khoom siv hlau ua cov khoom sib xyaw muaj cov tawv tawv zoo, tsis nqus dej noo, thiab tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov kub thiab txias. Cov fibers reinforcing ntawm hlau matrix composites muaj xws li hlau fibers, xws li stainless hlau, tungsten, txhuas, nickel-aluminium intermetallic compounds, thiab lwm yam.; ceramic fibers, xws li alumina, silicon oxide, carbon, boron, silicon carbide, thiab lwm yam.
Cov ntaub ntawv matrix ntawm cov hlau matrix composites muaj xws li txhuas, aluminium alloy, magnesium, Chin thiab Chin alloys, tshav kub-resistant alloys, pob zeb diamond alloys, thiab lwm yam. Ntawm lawv, cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw raws li aluminium alloys, aluminium alloys thiab hlau alloys yog tam sim no lub ntsiab kev xaiv. . Piv txwv li, SiC fiber-reinforced Chin alloy matrix composites yuav siv tau los ua compressor hniav. Carbon fiber los yog alumina fiber reinforced magnesium los yog magnesium alloy matrix composites yuav siv tau los tsim turbofan hniav. Lwm qhov piv txwv yog tias nickel-chromium-aluminium-iridium fiber-reinforced nickel-based alloy matrix composites tuaj yeem siv los tsim cov khoom sib khi rau turbines thiab compressors.
Tsis tas li ntawd, kiv cua casings, rotors, compressor disks thiab lwm qhov chaw yog tag nrho cov hlau matrix composites txawv teb chaws. Tab sis ib qho ntawm cov teeb meem loj tshaj plaws nrog cov khoom sib xyaw no yog qhov yooj yim rau kev hnov mob ntawm cov fiber ntau reinforcing thiab matrix hlau los ua ib theem nkig, uas deteriorates cov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum nws siv rau lub sijhawm ntev ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub interface yog qhov tseem ceeb dua. Qhov kev daws teeb meem tam sim no yog ntxiv cov txheej txheem tsim nyog rau ntawm qhov chaw fiber ntau thiab alloy lub matrix hlau raws li cov fibers sib txawv thiab cov substrates sib txawv, thiaj li ua kom qeeb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cuam tshuam thiab tswj kev ntseeg tau ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw ua haujlwm.
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Cov khoom siv hauv lub cav kiv cua tuaj
Lub cav kiv cua yog cov neeg sawv cev tshaj plaws thiab tseem ceeb heev ntawm lub cav turbofan, thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cav turbofan yog ze rau nws txoj kev loj hlob. Piv nrog rau titanium alloy ntxuam hniav, resin matrix composite khoom ntxuam hniav muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev txo qhov hnyav. Ntxiv rau qhov pom tseeb qhov zoo ntawm kev txo qhov hnyav, cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov kiv cua muaj qhov cuam tshuam tsawg dua ntawm cov kiv cua tom qab kev cuam tshuam, yog li nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo los txhim kho qhov ntim ntawm cov kiv cua.
Cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb ntawm cov kiv cua sib xyaw rau kev lag luam hauv cov teb chaws txawv teb chaws yog: GE90 series cav rau B777, GEnx cav rau B787, thiab LEAP-X cav rau COMAC C919. Raws li thaum ntxov xyoo 1995, GE90-94B lub cav nruab nrog cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov kiv cua kiv cua tau raug tso rau hauv kev ua lag luam, kos npe rau kev ua tiav ntawm engineering daim ntawv thov ntawm cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke hauv cov tshuab ua haujlwm siab niaj hnub. . Raws li kev txiav txim siab dav dav ntawm aerodynamics, lub voj voog siab thiab qis qis qis thiab lwm yam, GE tau tsim cov kiv cua sib xyaw tshiab rau cov tom ntej GE90-115B cav.
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 21st, qhov kev thov muaj zog ntawm aero-engines rau kev puas tsuaj-tiv taus cov khoom sib xyaw ua rau kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm cov khoom siv sib xyaw, thiab nws nyuaj rau ua kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv muaj kev puas tsuaj-tiv taus los ntawm kev txhim kho lub zog ntawm cov pa roj carbon fiber ntau. / epoxy resin prepregs. Yog li ntawd, 3D woven qauv sib xyaw ntxuam hniav pib tshwm.
Cov khoom siv hauv lub cav kiv cua
Lub cav kiv cua casing yog qhov chaw nres tsheb loj tshaj plaws ntawm lub tshuab aero-engine, thiab nws qhov hnyav txo yuav cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau qhov sib piv-rau-qhov hnyav thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub tshuab aero. Yog li ntawd, txawv teb chaws advanced aero-engine OEMs ib txwm tau cog lus rau kev txo qhov hnyav thiab kev ua kom zoo ntawm cov kiv cua casing.
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Cov khoom siv rau lub cav kiv cua cowls
Vim tias nws yog cov khoom siv tsis yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, cov kiv cua cowl yog ib qho ntawm thawj qhov chaw ua los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw ntawm lub tshuab aero. Cov kiv cua cowl ua los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw tuaj yeem muab qhov hnyav dua, yooj yim los tiv thaiv icing qauv, zoo dua Corrosion kuj thiab zoo dua qaug zog. Xws li lub tuam txhab nto moo RR lub cav RB211, PW lub tuam txhab PW1000G, thiab PW4000 siv cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw ua ke los npaj cov kaus mom kiv cua.
Piv nrog aero-engine mainframes, resin-based composite cov ntaub ntawv muaj qhov chaw siv dav heev hauv aero-engine nacelles. Cov tuam txhab lag luam thoob ntiaj teb tau siv cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom loj hauv cov khoom siv nacelle, fairings, thrust reversers, thiab cov suab nrov txo cov kab. Khoom siv. Hais txog lwm qhov chaw, cov ntaub ntawv cob-raws li cov khoom sib xyaw kuj tau siv rau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tshuab aero-engine kiv cua khiav cov paib, cov kabmob sealing npog, thiab cov phaj npog.
