Muaj ntau yam ua rau nws: suav nrog kev txwv rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm tsoomfwv, Republican Party txoj kev nrhiav lub tswvyim ntawm "tsoomfwv me", kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev tswj hwm thiab kev tsim cai lij choj, cov tub rog-tswj tab sis muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm tsoomfwv cov kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis. system thaum lub sij hawm Tsov Rog Txias, thiab cov kws tshawb fawb tso siab rau tsoomfwv tab sis txhawj xeeb txog kev tswj hwm los ntawm tsoomfwv
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Ntawv nyeem|Wang Zoo
Kev tsim thiab kev siv ntawm ib lub teb chaws txoj kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis feem ntau cuam tshuam los ntawm ntau yam, suav nrog kev nom kev tswv, keeb kwm kev coj noj coj ua, thiab kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis thiab kev lag luam, zej zog, thiab tsoomfwv ntawm lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb. Thaum kuaj xyuas cov kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis ntawm ntau lub teb chaws hauv ntiaj teb niaj hnub no, qhov tshwm sim muaj txiaj ntsig yog: ntawm ib sab, ntau lub teb chaws, suav nrog Tuam Tshoj thiab Is Nrias teb, tau tsim cov chaw tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis ntawm ntau qhov ntsuas, thaum qee lub teb chaws tau thev naus laus zis, suav nrog. lub tebchaws United States thiab lub tebchaws United Kingdom, tsis txhob. Department. Vim li cas lub tebchaws United States tsis tau teeb tsa lub tuam tsev kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis txog tam sim no?
Vim yog txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Tebchaws Meskas hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis hauv ntiaj teb, qhov teeb meem no tsis tau tsuas yog nyiam cov neeg Asmeskas keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb thiab cov kws tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, tab sis kuj tau nyiam cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov neeg tsim cai hauv lwm lub tebchaws. Piv txwv li, hauv 2004-2005 kev sib tham ntawm Tuam Tshoj txoj kev tsim cov phiaj xwm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis hauv nruab nrab thiab ntev (2006-2010) thiab kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis txoj cai, qee cov kws tshawb fawb tau hais txog qhov tshwm sim no thiab taw qhia tias kev tsim kho. ib tug loj Ministry ntawm Science thiab Technology tsis yog ib tug tsim nyog tej yam kev mob rau kev loj hlob ntawm science thiab technology. Txawm li cas los xij, keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm qhov tsis muaj Ministry of Science thiab Technology hauv Tebchaws Meskas tsis meej meej rau ntau tus neeg, suav nrog Asmeskas. Qhov teeb meem no suav nrog ntau yam ntawm Asmeskas kev nom kev tswv, zej zog, thiab kev tshawb fawb, suav nrog nws cov kev txwv hauv tsoomfwv txoj haujlwm, kev txheeb xyuas kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov thawj coj thiab cov kev cai lij choj, thiab cov tub rog-tswj tab sis muaj ntau haiv neeg kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis nyiaj txiag thaum Tsov Rog Txias. system, thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab tsoomfwv uas yog ob qho tib si nyob thiab ceev faj.
Vim muaj kev txwv qhov chaw, tsab xov xwm no yuav tsom mus rau kev tshuaj xyuas lub teb chaws ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis txoj cai hauv Tebchaws Meskas tom qab kev ua tiav ntawm lub satellite los ntawm Soviet Union xyoo 1957 tom qab kev qhia luv luv rau kev sib cav thaum ntxov ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis txoj cai hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Ib qho ntawm cov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm xyoo 2010 yog kev sib cav txog "puas yog tsim kom muaj Ministry of Science thiab Technology." Cov cwj pwm ntawm ntau lub tuam tsev, kev taug kev ntawm lub neej, thiab pab pawg txaus siab hauv Tebchaws Meskas rau Ministry of Science thiab Technology kuj yog tus sawv cev heev. Thaum qhov kev sib cav xaus, nws tseem ceeb tau teeb tsa lub suab rau Asmeskas txoj cai tswjfwm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis rau ntau xyoo tom ntej, suav nrog kev pom zoo kom tsis txhob muaj kev tshawb fawb.
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Kev sib cav txog Kev Tsim Kho Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb hauv Tebchaws Meskas thaum ntxov
Txawm hais tias lub sijhawm thaum ntxov ntawm Tebchaws Meskas tsis yog qhov siv tau thiab tsis paub txog kev tshawb fawb raws li kev xav, nws cov pragmatism thiab tseemfwv qib siab tau txwv qhov kev teeb tsa ntawm nws lub koom haum kev tshawb fawb hauv nruab nrab. Ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, muaj ntau tus neeg xav tau cuam tshuam los ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb, xws li Jefferson (Thomas Jefferson, 1743-1826), James Madison (James Madison, 1751-1836), thiab lwm yam., nrog rau cov kws tshawb fawb thoob ntiaj teb nto moo Benjamin Franklin (Benjamin Franklin, 1706 -1790), lawv txhua tus xav kom tsoomfwv los ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhawb nqa lub teb chaws txoj kev tshawb fawb, kev kawm thiab kev lag luam. Piv txwv li, ntawm 1787 Txoj Cai Lij Choj Kev Cai Lij Choj, Franklin tau thov kev tso cai rau tsoomfwv los tsim cov kwj dej, thiab Madison tau npaj tsim ib lub tebchaws hauv lub tebchaws. Tab sis lawv cov lus pom zoo, uas tau pom tias sawv cev rau kev nyiam ntawm cov xeev loj, tau tawm tsam los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov xeev me thiab lwm tus uas tsis xav pom kev nthuav dav ntawm tsoomfwv lub zog, thiab thaum kawg ua tsis tiav.
Rau qee qhov, kev tshawb fawb tau suav tias yog kev kawm zoo nkauj los ntawm Tebchaws Europe, uas tsis pab cov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg Amelikas ua pioneer thiab tsim khoom.
Thaum kawg, Txoj Cai Lij Choj tau muab tsoomfwv tso cai rau tsoomfwv tsuas yog lub luag haujlwm "txhim kho cov pej xeem zoo," thiab tsuas yog siv rau kev tshawb fawb yog nyob rau hauv Tshooj VIII, uas tso cai rau Congress los tsim cov cai lij choj "kom ruaj ntseg, rau lub sijhawm txwv, rau cov kws sau ntawv thiab inventors cov cai tshwj xeeb rau kev nce qib ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis. "
Txawm li cas los xij, vim yog qhov xav tau, tsoomfwv hauv lub xyoo pua 19th tau nce cov kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb txog kev siv tub rog thiab pej xeem, xws li Patent Office, Coast Survey Bureau, Naval Observatory, Signal Corps, Naval Hydrographic Office, Geological Survey Bureau, thiab lwm yam, nrog rau lub koom haum Smithsonian ib nrab thiab National Academies.
Xyoo 1884, Congress xav tias tsoomfwv cov chaw lis haujlwm tsis yog tsuas yog txhim kho sai, tab sis kuj hais tias lawv lub luag haujlwm zoo li sib tshooj, yog li pawg thawj coj ntawm peb tus tswvcuab los ntawm txhua tus Senate thiab House of Representatives tau tsim los tshawb xyuas qhov teeb meem, thiab tom qab ntawd tsim. kev txiav txim siab txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab tsoomfwv hauv Tebchaws Meskas. tswv yim. Qhov no yog Allison Commission nto moo hauv keeb kwm ntawm Asmeskas kev tshawb fawb (Allison Commission, Senator WB Allison yog nws tus thawj tswj hwm). Pawg thawj coj ntawm pawg thawj coj yog thov kom National Academy of Sciences xaiv ib pawg kws tshawb fawb los pab nws tshuaj xyuas qhov xwm txheej hauv European lub zog loj thiab ua cov lus pom zoo yuav ua li cas los tswj hwm ntau lub koom haum tshawb fawb ntawm tsoomfwv Meskas.
Nws yog pawg neeg no ntawm Academy of Sciences, hauv nws daim ntawv tshaj tawm, uas thawj zaug tau tshaj tawm tias tsoomfwv tsim lub "Ministry of Science" los tswj cov chaw tshawb fawb tshawb fawb thiab "qhia thiab tswj tag nrho cov haujlwm tshawb fawb hauv tsoomfwv. ."
vim li cas? Vim tias txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb yog ncaj qha ntsig txog seb tsoomfwv puas tuaj yeem paub lub luag haujlwm ntawm "txhim kho kev noj qab haus huv rau pej xeem" uas tau tso siab los ntawm Txoj Cai Lij Choj.
Txog rau qhov kawg no, daim ntawv tshaj tawm teev cov thev naus laus zis siab ntawm lub sijhawm - kev yees duab, hluav taws xob thiab cov txiaj ntsig xov tooj, xov tooj, hluav taws xob teeb pom kev zoo, hluav taws xob railway - los piav qhia txog cov txiaj ntsig kev lag luam loj ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev sib raug zoo nrog pej xeem kev noj qab haus huv. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias yog, raws li tsab ntawv ceeb toom cia siab, Minister of Science raug xaiv los ntawm ib tus neeg uas nkag siab txog kev tswj hwm thiab kev tshawb fawb, ces nws yuav dhau los ua tus tshaj tawm ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb hauv tsoomfwv thiab txhim kho cov xwm txheej thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm tag nrho cov kev tshawb fawb hauv zej zog. . Txawm li cas los xij, txawm hais tias Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas tau hais hauv nws tsab ntawv ceeb toom tias nws cov lus pom zoo sawv cev rau qhov kev cia siab ntawm lub zej zog kev tshawb fawb, qhov tseeb qee cov kws tshawb fawb, xws li Alexander Agassiz ntawm Harvard University, tau tawm tsam kev tsim tsa tsoomfwv qib siab, thiab txawm thuam cov kev tshawb fawb uas twb muaj lawm. chaw ua haujlwm. , tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Geological Survey, kuj tsis txaus siab heev uas lawv tsim kev sib tw tsis ncaj ncees rau cov tsev kawm ntawv ntiav thiab cov tsev kawm tshawb fawb. Geological Survey Tus Thawj Coj John Wesley Powell tau tawm tsam, sib cav tias tsoomfwv kev tshawb fawb tsis hem, tab sis tsuas yog txhawb nqa, txhawb nqa thiab qhia kev tshawb fawb ntiag tug. Tab sis txawm tias Powell tsis txhawb nqa kev tshawb fawb, thov kom Smithsonian Institution yuav tsum koom tes nrog tsoomfwv kev tshawb fawb.
Kev sib cav nyob rau hauv Allison Commission tau tsom mus rau yuav ua li cas Congress yuav tswj hwm cov chaw tshawb fawb no ntau dua li Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb tau tshaj tawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov chaw tshawb fawb. Ntawm nws rau 6 tus thawj coj, ob tug los ntawm Sab Qab Teb sab nrog Agassiz hauv kev tawm tswv yim txog kev txwv tseem ceeb ntawm Geological Survey txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb, tab sis tom qab kev thawb los ntawm Powell thiab lwm tus kws tshawb fawb, lwm plaub tau pom zoo tias Congress tseem txhawb nqa kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb ntawm Bureau.
Raws li rau Ministry of Science, qhov kawg ntawm Allison Committee's 1886 tsab ntawv ceeb toom yog "tsis tsim nyog": nws cov kev tshawb nrhiav pom tias tsis muaj ntau qhov sib tshooj ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm ntau lub chaw lis haujlwm, thiab tsis muaj teeb meem nrog kev sib txuas lus, yog li ntawd. Kev tsim lub tuam tsev kawm txuj ci tshiab yuav tsis txhim kho cov khoom tsim tau.
Zuag qhia tag nrho, Allison Commission kev tshawb nrhiav muaj peb qhov cuam tshuam rau US science thiab technology txoj cai: nws tau tsim tsa kev tshawb nrhiav thiab tswj tsis ncaj rau tsoomfwv cov tsev kawm txuj ci; nws tau lees paub qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov tsev kawm tshawb fawb hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm tsoomfwv; tab sis tib lub sijhawm, nws tsis lees paub lub tswv yim tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb lossis nws lub peev xwm tsuas tuaj yeem pom tau los ntawm kev tsom mus rau tag nrho cov tsev kawm tshawb fawb hauv ib chav haujlwm science.
Allison Commission txoj kev tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias kev tshawb fawb ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws thaum nws txuas nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm txhua ceg ntawm tsoomfwv. Hauv lwm lo lus, cov nom tswv tau saib xyuas ntau dua rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntau dua li cov kws tshawb fawb ua rau cov xwm txheej thiab cov cim ntawm kev tshawb fawb.
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Nyob ib ncig ntawm Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II
Nyob rau hauv kev pom ntawm cov lus xaus ntawm Pawg Neeg Allison, nyob rau hauv ib nrab xyoo tom ntej, txawm hais tias muaj kev nthuav dav ntawm tsoomfwv kev tshawb fawb, Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Kev Loj Hlob nto moo (Office of Scientific Research thiab Development) tau tsim los ntawm Bush (Vannevar Bush) hauv. Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II. Kev tsim kho lossis OSRD) los tswj hwm kev tiv thaiv hauv tebchaws kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, suav nrog kev txhim kho lub foob pob atomic, tab sis ob peb tus neeg tau thov kom rov tsim tsa Ministry of Science lossis Ministry of Science thiab Technology. Raws li Republican, Bush, zoo li Agassiz, tsis xav pom tsoomfwv tswj kev tshawb fawb, yog li nws OSRD tsim cov txheej txheem tswj hwm thev naus laus zis sib txawv:
Nws tsis suav nrog cov kws tshawb fawb ua haujlwm rau OSRD rau hauv tsoomfwv, tab sis tau cog lus ntau yam haujlwm rau ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab thiab tuam txhab rau kev tswj hwm. Piv txwv li, lub npe nrov Los Alomos atomic foob pob kuaj tau cog lus los ntawm University of California. Ua li no, cov kws tshawb fawb tuaj yeem khaws lawv cov xwm txheej ua cov xibfwb hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab siv tsoomfwv cov nyiaj los ua kev tshawb fawb rau tsoomfwv. Txawm li cas los xij, Bush xav tias OSRD muaj hwj chim dhau los ua lub koom haum ua tsov rog, thiab muab nws tso tseg tam sim tom qab tsov rog.
Tab sis ib qho teeb meem tshwm sim nyob rau lub sijhawm no: txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb tau nkag mus rau lub sijhawm ntawm kev tshawb fawb loj. Muaj ntau txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov hauv tsev kawm qib siab, xav tau nyiaj ntau, uas tuaj yeem them los ntawm tsoomfwv nkaus xwb. Tom qab OSRD raug rho tawm lawm, tsoomfwv yuav ua li cas thiaj li yuav pab nyiaj rau cov haujlwm tshawb fawb tawm ntawm tsoomfwv thaum zam kev tsis lees paub tsoomfwv tswj hwm kev tshawb fawb?
Bush txoj kev daws teeb meem yog tsim kom muaj National Research Foundation, tau txais nyiaj los ntawm tsoomfwv, tswj hwm los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, thiab faib nyiaj txiag science thiab thev naus laus zis los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov phooj ywg. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tswj hwm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis txoj cai ntawm tsoomfwv tsoomfwv tag nrho los ntawm kev pom macro. Nyob rau hauv ib qho kev txiav txim zoo, nws yog me ntsis zoo li ib tug science thiab technology department. lub ntsiab lus ntawm. Qhov no yog tom qab National Science Foundation (National Science Foundation, los yog NSF), pib los ntawm Bush's 1945 lub tswv yim, tom qab ob peb twists thiab lem, nws yog thaum kawg tsim nyob rau hauv 1950.
Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv tsib xyoos dhau los, kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis txoj cai ntawm Tebchaws Meskas tau hloov pauv ntau heev. Raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Txias thiab Tsov Rog Kauslim, kev tshawb fawb txog kev tiv thaiv hauv tebchaws tau tuav txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm tsoomfwv txoj cai lij choj thiab thev naus laus zis. Cov tub rog tau koom tes ncaj qha nrog cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab thiab kev lag luam los ntawm nws tus kheej cov koom haum. ntiaj teb no, pab nyiaj rau lawv cov haujlwm tshawb fawb thiab koom nrog lawv cov kws tshawb fawb ua tus kws pab tswv yim. Yog li thaum NSF pib ua haujlwm hauv xyoo 1951, nws nyob deb ntawm qhov loj loj uas pom los ntawm Bush. Txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv nws cov khaub ncaws muaj zog, kev tshawb fawb yooj yim, nws cov nyiaj tsis zoo nyob rau hauv kev sib piv rau lub Department of Defense thiab Atomic Energy Commission (lossis AEC). Raws li rau NSF txoj haujlwm ntawm kev tswj hwm tag nrho tsoomfwv txoj cai lij choj thiab thev naus laus zis, nws thawj tus thawj coj, Alan Waterman, pom tias nws nyuaj dua los ua. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov xwm txheej ntawm NSF hauv tsoomfwv yog tsawg dua li ntawm lub taub hau loj xws li Ministry of Defense. Ntawm qhov tod tes, Wortman ntseeg tias txij li NSF muaj nws tus kheej cov haujlwm thiab sib tw nrog lwm lub tuam tsev, nws yuav muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb los cuam tshuam rau lawv txoj haujlwm. xav tias. Yog li txawm tias qhov tseeb tias Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Nyiaj Txiag (Bureau of Budget), uas yog tus thawj tswj hwm tus thawj tswj hwm loj, tau rov hais kom NSF ua nws txoj haujlwm, NSF tsuas yog cov ntsiab lus los ua qee qhov kev txheeb cais ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis txoj cai.
Cov kws tshawb fawb, txawm hais tias qee zaum tsis xis nyob nrog kev cia siab rau tub rog rau nyiaj, thiab cov nyiaj tub rog muaj qee zaum hloov pauv, feem ntau txaus siab rau ntau haiv neeg thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tom qab tsoomfwv cov nyiaj txiag. Tsoom fwv kuj xav tias qhov kev npaj no tsis tsuas yog txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev txawj ntse, tab sis kuj ua tau raws li tsoomfwv cov kev xav tau hauv kev tiv thaiv hauv tebchaws thiab kev tshawb fawb txog kev kho mob thiab kev sab laj. Qhov teeb meem ntawm Ministry of Science thiab Technology tau muab tso tseg. Tsuas yog ib zaug xwb—Clare Luce, tus poj niam ntawm Time magazine tus tsim Henry Luce, tom qab ntawd ib tug tswv cuab ntawm Congress-reintroduced ib lub tswv yim los tsim ib tug science department nyob rau hauv Congress, tab sis vim hais tias nws tsis tau txais dab tsi txhawb thiab tsis muaj dab tsi los ntawm nws.
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Nyob rau hauv lub poob siab nthwv dej ntawm lub Soviet satellite, cov lus qub ntawm Ministry of Science tau rov hais dua
Nyob rau hauv 1957, lub launching ntawm lub Soviet satellite "Sputnik" ua rau poob siab heev rau tsoom fwv thiab cov pej xeem nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States, thiab kuj revived lub tswv yim ntawm Ministry of Science thiab Technology.
Cov tub rog, suav nrog ntau yam kev pabcuam hauv hiav txwv, av thiab huab cua, tub rog kev lag luam, thiab cov tswvcuab ntawm Congress uas txhawb nqa lawv txhua tus hais tias Soviet Union tau dhau lub tebchaws United States nyob rau hauv missile thiab nuclear riam phom, thiab txhawb zog txhawb kev nthuav dav ntau yam. tech riam phom thiab khoom siv thiab cov kev pab cuam chaw, thiab ntes nrog technology. Yuav kom luv luv "missile gap" nrog Soviet Union. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Congress tau dhau lub npe nrov National Defense Education Act, uas tau faib nyiaj los ntawm tsoomfwv thiab teeb tsa cov nyiaj pabcuam los txhawb cov menyuam kawm ntawv zoo los kawm science thiab lus txawv tebchaws. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, thaum Tuam Tshoj tau tshaj tawm txoj kev vam meej mus rau pem hauv ntej los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm satellites, Tebchaws Meskas kuj tau pib lub sijhawm kaum xyoo los txhawb lub tebchaws los ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev kawm vim tias muaj cua daj cua dub satellite. Cov kev txhim kho no ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab ntau rau Thawj Tswj Hwm Eisenhower vim tias, raws li ib tus Republican nruab nrab, nws tsis xav pom kev nthuav dav ntawm tsoomfwv.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Eisenhower tau paub meej txog qhov txaus ntshai ntawm kev ua tsov rog nuclear thiab xav tias kev txuas ntxiv ntawm kev sib tw riam phom nuclear yuav ua rau muaj kev ua tub rog ntawm Asmeskas haiv neeg. Yog li ntawd, nws qhov kev ntsuas tsis yog los tsim Ministry of Science thiab Technology tshiab, tab sis los xaiv thawj tus thawj coj thiab tus thawj tswj hwm kev tshawb fawb puv sijhawm hauv keeb kwm ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, uas yog tuav los ntawm MIT Dean Killian (James Killian), thiab Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm tau xaiv Pawg Thawj Tswj Hwm Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb (PSAC), uas muaj ntau dua 20 tus kws tshawb fawb paub zoo tuaj koom ib nrab sijhawm, yog tus thawj coj los ntawm kws pab tswv yim los pab nws thiab lwm tus neeg ua haujlwm hauv Tsev Dawb koom tes thiab koom tes nrog tsoomfwv kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis. txoj cai thiab tswj kev sib tw caj npab.
PSAC cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau yog los ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab thiab cov chaw sim ua haujlwm sab nraum tsoomfwv. Lawv tau ntsib kev sim ntawm Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II thiab muaj kev nkag siab tob txog kev tuag ntawm riam phom nuclear thiab kev phom sij ntawm kev sib tw riam phom nuclear, yog li nquag txhawb kev koom tes ntawm Tebchaws Meskas thiab Soviet Union. nuclear riam phom tswj. Cov tswv yim no coincide nrog Eisenhower's. Los ntawm nws txoj kev ywj pheej thiab kev tawm tswv yim txoj cai, PSAC tau qhia tias ntau cov tub rog ua haujlwm siab ua haujlwm thev naus laus zis tseem tsis tau dhau qhov kev sim, lossis siv tsawg tsawg, yog li qhov muag tsis pom kev yuav tsis tsim nyog rau lub tswm ciab. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no nws tau pab Eisenhower txoj kev siv zog los tawm tsam kev nthuav dav ntawm kev ua tub rog thiab chaw siv tshuab, thiab yog li tau los ua nws tus txiv neej sab xis hauv kev tsim txoj cai pej xeem. Qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tawm tswv yim txog kev tshawb fawb tsis yog tsuas yog tso cai rau tus thawj tswj hwm kom tau txais kev sib raug zoo nrog cov zej zog kev tshawb fawb ncaj qha, tab sis kuj zam kev tsim kom muaj kev lag luam loj loj ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, yog li nws tau hlub los ntawm Eisenhower.
duab
Xyoo 1957, thaum Soviet satellite tau muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw, US Congress tau tawm tswv yim rau kev tsim Ministry of Science thiab Technology, tab sis Thawj Tswj Hwm Eisenhower tau tawm tsam nws thiab hloov nws nrog Pawg Thawj Tswj Hwm Science Advisory Committee. Nov yog xyoo 1960 Thawj Tswj Hwm ntsib nrog pawg thawj coj ntawm Tsev Dawb.|Tau qhov twg los: Eisenhower Library
Txawm li cas los xij, Democratic-feem coob Congress tsis txaus siab rau tus thawj tswj hwm txoj haujlwm, suav nrog kev xaiv tsa cov kws pab tswv yim.
Ntawm ib sab, cov kws tshawb fawb no yog tus thawj tswj hwm tus kws tshaj lij, thiab feem ntau ntawm lawv cov ntawv tshaj tawm yog qhov tsis pub lwm tus paub, tsis yog feem ntau tsis pom los ntawm pej xeem, tab sis qee zaum txawm los ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm Congress.
Ntawm qhov tod tes, raws li tsoomfwv txoj kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis nyiaj txiag txuas ntxiv zuj zus, Congress vam tias yuav muaj cov thawj coj hauv pawg thawj coj uas yog lub luag haujlwm ncaj qha rau Congress los tswj tsoomfwv txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis hauv kev sib koom ua ke, thiab piav qhia rau Congress seb cov nyiaj tau siv li cas txhua xyoo.
Qee cov neeg tsim cai lij choj kuj tsis txaus siab rau Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tiv Thaiv cov nyiaj txiag loj ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb hauv Asmeskas cov tsev kawm qib siab. Zoo li Eisenhower, lawv ntseeg tias qhov no yuav ua rau muaj kev ua tub rog ntawm Asmeskas kev tshawb fawb thiab tib neeg, thiab vam tias yuav muaj ib lub Ministry of Science thiab Technology tsis yog tub rog los hloov nws. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee cov kws tshawb fawb ua haujlwm hauv tsoomfwv kuj txhawb kev tsim lub tuam txhab kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, vam tias nws yuav txhim kho lawv cov kev kho mob thiab kev ua haujlwm. Cov tswv yim no muaj nyob ua ntej cua daj cua dub, tab sis nws coj
Kev nkag siab ntawm kev kub ntxhov yav tom ntej tau muab lub sijhawm zoo rau cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm Ministry of Science thiab Technology.
Hauv Congress, Senator Hubert Humphrey, Democrat los ntawm Minnesota, yog lub tuam tsev thev naus laus zis tshaj tawm suab nrov tshaj plaws. Xyoo 1958 thiab 1959, nws tau thov kom tsim tsa Ministry of Science thiab Technology rau ob xyoos sib law liag thiab ua tus thawj tswj hwm lub rooj sib hais plaub. Muaj ob peb lwm cov lus pom zoo, zoo ib yam li Humphrey's. Lawv txhua tus tau tawm tswv yim tias ob peb lub chaw tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis tshiab, xws li NSF, Atomic Energy Commission, National Aeronautics thiab Space Administration (lossis NASA), National Bureau of Standards, thiab Geological Survey, thiab lwm yam. suav nrog hauv ib lub chaw tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis tshiab. Ministry, Minister yuav tsum yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm lub txee. Yog lawm, Ministry of Science thiab Technology tseem yuav tsum tau tswj hwm tsoomfwv txoj cai tswjfwm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txhawm rau tswj hwm cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis ntawm tag nrho lub tebchaws thiab txawm tias tag nrho lub ntiaj teb. Piv nrog rau Allison Committee kev tshawb nrhiav hauv 1884-1886, Ministry of Science thiab Technology cov nqi hauv 1958-1959 yeej zoo ib yam li cov lus pom zoo ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb hauv xyoo 1884, tab sis lub sijhawm no cov neeg txhawb nqa tseem ceeb yog Congress ntau dua. tshaj li cov kws tshawb fawb.
Eisenhower tau tsis ntseeg txog qhov xav tau ntawm chav haujlwm science. Txawm hais tias nws tsis tawm tsam tag nrho tsoomfwv cov nyiaj txiag ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb hauv cov hauv paus ntsiab lus, nws tseem txhawj xeeb txog tsoomfwv kev tswj hwm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev kawm uas cov nyiaj no tuaj yeem nqa tau, thiab Ministry of Science thiab Technology tshiab yuav txhawb nqa qhov kev nyiam no. Tsis tas li ntawd, zoo li Pawg Neeg Allison, nws ntseeg tias kev siv tshuab tau nkag mus rau hauv txhua lub tuam tsev ntawm tsoomfwv, thiab nws yog qhov ua tsis tau thiab tsis tsim nyog los teeb tsa ib chav haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis. Tab sis rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ceev faj, nws tseem hais kom PSAC ua qhov kev tshawb xyuas dav dav txog cov teeb meem ntawm Ministry of Science thiab Technology thiab tag nrho txoj cai ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis.
PSAC cov kws tshawb fawb, feem ntau los ntawm cov tsev kawm qib siab, yeej cia siab tias Eisenhower thiab tsoomfwv yuav nce nyiaj rau kev tshawb fawb hauv paus, tab sis lawv tsis muaj kev txaus siab rau Ministry of Science thiab Technology. Qhov no tej zaum yuav yog ib feem vim tias tsoomfwv, suav nrog cov tub rog, tau nce nyiaj ntau heev rau kev tshawb fawb hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab kev tshawb fawb hauv paus hauv kev tshwm sim ntawm satellite scandal. Tab sis kom nkag siab tob rau hauv qhov teeb meem, Killian thiab PSAC tau xaiv lub luag haujlwm los ntawm Emanuel Piore, IBM tus thawj coj ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Cov pab pawg tau teeb tsa lub rooj sib hais sab hauv los kawm txog lub xeev kev tshawb fawb hauv ntau lub tuam tsev hauv tsoomfwv lawv tus kheej thiab lawv txoj hauv kev los nrhiav nyiaj txiag rau kev tshawb fawb sab nraud ntawm tsoomfwv. Lub rooj sib hais tau ua rau pab pawg Peore paub ntau ntxiv txog kev sib raug zoo uas tau tsim los ntawm tsoomfwv thiab cov tsev kawm qib siab tom qab kev ua tsov ua rog, thiab ntau txoj hauv kev uas tsoomfwv tau pab nyiaj rau kev tshawb fawb. Yuav luag txhua lub tuam tsev tab tom npaj siv nyiaj ntau ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis uas lawv tau nce ntxiv tom qab qhov xwm txheej satellite los pab nyiaj rau kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb sab nraud tsoomfwv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv cog lus nrog cov tsev kawm qib siab. Los ntawm lawv qhov kev xav, ib qho txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ua li ntawd yog qhov kev tshawb fawb qib tau los ntawm cov tsev kawm qib siab siab, thiab nws kuj tuaj yeem tsim cov txuj ci kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis.
Tab sis pab pawg Piore kuj pom tias muaj qhov tsis sib xws hauv tsoomfwv txoj cai tswjfwm thev naus laus zis: Lub Tsev Haujlwm sib tham sib cog lus ncaj qha nrog cov tsev kawm qib siab, thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv cog lus, suav nrog cov nqi dav dav thiab kev tswj hwm uas cov tsev kawm qib siab tuaj yeem them, tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm tsev kawm qib siab. mus rau university thiab los ntawm department mus rau department. Ntau lub tuam tsev yuav txaus siab rau ib cheeb tsam tib lub sijhawm, xws li huab cua, cov khoom siv kub, cov khoom siv accelerators, tab sis lwm tus, xws li dej hiav txwv, tsis tau txais kev saib xyuas txaus. Raws li tsoomfwv txoj cai tswjfwm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis feem ntau muaj kev txhawj xeeb, pawg ntseeg ntseeg tias qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog tsoomfwv yuav tsum ua kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov nyiaj txiag thiab txo qis kev hloov pauv lossis rov ua dua. Cov ntawv cog lus tseem ceeb hauv tsev kawm qib siab feem ntau yuav tsum txuas ntxiv rau peb xyoos. Tsoom fwv teb chaws tsoom fwv, dhau los ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm thiab Congress, yuav tsum tau tsim kom muaj kev txhawb nqa rau kev tshawb fawb raws li txoj cai hauv tebchaws.
Puas yog Ministry of Science thiab Technology tshiab yog txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los siv cov lus pom zoo no? Pab neeg Piore tsis xav li ntawd. Zoo li Eisenhower thiab Allison Commission, cov pab pawg ntseeg tias technology tau nkag mus rau hauv ntau lub tseem fwv cov haujlwm xws li kev tiv thaiv hauv tebchaws, kev ua haujlwm sab hauv, kev ua liaj ua teb, kev noj qab haus huv, kev kawm thiab kev noj qab haus huv, cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov haujlwm no, thiab nws tsis tsim nyog cais tawm. lawv los ntawm cov haujlwm no. Thiab cov koom haum ywj pheej ntawm tsoomfwv kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, xws li AEC, NASA, thiab NSF, txhua tus muaj lawv tus kheej lub luag haujlwm thiab cov qauv, thiab nws tsis yooj yim los muab lawv rau hauv ib chav haujlwm rau kev tswj hwm. Tej zaum qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, lub zej zog kev tshawb fawb tag nrho tsis zoo li yuav txhawb nqa MOST ib yam nkaus. Tom qab kev kub ntxhov ntawm satellite, cov kws tshawb fawb tau nkag mus rau Tsev Dawb ua tus kws tshaj lij kev tshawb fawb, Ministry of Defense tau rov tsim kho, kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tau ntxiv dag zog, thiab cov nyiaj pab rau kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis tau nce ntau. Tag nrho cov no ua rau cov kws tshawb fawb tsis xav tias Ministry of Science thiab Technology tsim nyog.
Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1958, Lub Koom Haum American rau Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb (lossis AAAS) tau tuav lub rooj sib tham hu ua "Parliament of Science" (Parliament of Science), koom nrog ntau dua 100 tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm ntau yam kev qhuab qhia. Science thiab zej zog, nrog rau kev tsim ntawm Ministry of Science thiab Technology. Ntxiv nrog rau cov lus hais saum toj no rau kev ua haujlwm loj hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, lawv kuj tau sib tham txog cov lus pom zoo rau kev ua haujlwm me me ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, ib qho uas yuav tsom mus rau kev tshawb fawb hauv paus. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib tham tau tawm tsam rau ob qho tib si loj thiab me hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis. Lawv cov lus sib cav tawm tsam Big Tech Ministry yog qhov pib zoo ib yam li cov saum toj no. Hais txog Ministry of Science thiab Technology me me, lawv xav tias yuav tso ib tus neeg ua nom ua tswv (tus thawj coj) los saib xyuas cov kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb uas tsis tshua muaj kev ua nom ua tswv. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev ntsuam xyuas zaum kawg, tus cwj pwm ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb txog qhov teeb meem ntawm Ministry of Science thiab Technology qhia txog qhov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no: kev tshawb fawb loj xav tau nyiaj txiag los ntawm tsoomfwv, tab sis cov kws tshawb fawb xav tswj hwm lawv cov kev cai ib txwm muaj thiab tsis xav tau kev nom kev tswv thiab tsoomfwv. cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm science.
Txawm li cas los xij, tsoomfwv txoj cai lij choj thiab thev naus laus zis tseem yuav tsum tau ua kom muaj zog ntxiv. Yuav tsum ua li cas? Pab pawg Piore ntawm PSAC tau thov kom muaj kev sib haum xeeb: tsim kom muaj Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Tshuab (FCST), nrog rau tus thawj tswj hwm tus kws pab tswv yim kev tshawb fawb ua tus thawj coj, Txhua lub tuam tsev yuav xa ib tus thawj coj loj uas nkag siab txog kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis (xws li tus thawj tswj hwm. Minister) los koom, thiab siv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm Pawg Kws Pab Tswv Yim Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb los ua ib qho kev siv los koom tes nrog cov phiaj xwm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis thiab cov cai ntawm tsoom fwv tag nrho. Raws li "kev tshawb fawb me me", nws yog lub luag haujlwm ncaj qha rau tus thawj tswj hwm los ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm tus kws tshaj lij kev tshawb fawb, thiab tshaj tawm tsab ntawv tshaj tawm txhua xyoo ntawm tsoomfwv cov kev xav tau kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis rau peb xyoos. Txoj kev npaj no tau pom zoo los ntawm PSAC cov tswv cuab feem ntau, yog li thaum PSAC ntsib Eisenhower thaum Lub Rau Hli 18, 1958, nws tau xa daim ntawv tshaj tawm txog qhov teeb meem no rau Thawj Tswj Hwm.
Ua ntej lub rooj sib tham, Thawj Tswj Hwm tau tshaj tawm xov xwm. Nyob rau ntawm lub rooj sib tham, ib tug neeg sau xov xwm nug nws seb nws puas xav tsim ib chav haujlwm science thiab technology. Eisenhower teb humorously:
Zoo, kev tshawb fawb me ntsis zoo li huab cua koj ua pa, nws nyob txhua qhov chaw; peb puas yuav tsum muaj ib chav haujlwm huab cua cais? Kuv yuav zoo dua muab cov lus teb tsis zoo rau lo lus nug no rau lub sijhawm. Kom muaj Ministry of Science, kuv tsis tuaj yeem xaus tias nws yuav muaj txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb; tab sis qhov no yog qhov kuv tuaj yeem hais tau: txhua ceg ntawm tsoomfwv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tiv Thaiv, Lub Xeev Lub Tsev Haujlwm, thiab kuv tus kheej, tau ua peb qhov zoo tshaj plaws, txhua txoj hauv kev tuaj yeem tau txais cov kev xav thiab cov tswv yim zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm cov neeg no [tseem ceeb] uas. koj tuaj yeem tau. Qhov tseeb, ib qho ntawm kuv qhov kev teem caij hnub no yog mus ntsib nrog pawg neeg tawm tswv yim coj los ntawm Dr. Killian. Yog tias kuv xav tias tseem xav tau qee lub koom haum raug cai ntawm qhov teeb meem no thiab cov ncauj lus no, kuv yuav thov nws tam sim ntawd ua ib qho kev kawm. [Qhov ntawd yog] kom nws pawg neeg ua haujlwm kom zoo.
Ob peb teev tom qab, thaum tus thawj tswj hwm nug PSAC rau nws txoj kev xav txog kev tsim Ministry of Science thiab Technology, PSAC cov tswv cuab tau teb tias lawv pom zoo nrog nws cov lus teb ntawm lub rooj sib tham xov xwm.
Tsis zoo li PSAC qhov kev cia siab, Eisenhower kuj muaj kev tshwj tseg txog PSAC cov lus pom zoo rau lub txee me me. Nws hais tias Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Technology Council "tuaj yeem yog lub rooj sib tham rau kev sib txuas lus los txheeb xyuas qhov kev tshem tawm thiab kev sib tshooj [ntawm cov koom haum], tab sis nws yuav tsis tuaj yeem siv lub zog." Nws qhov kev txhawj xeeb yog tias cov chaw sib cais ntawm lub hwj chim yuav cuam tshuam tus thawj tswj hwm los ntawm kev tsim txoj cai thiab siv. Piore tau hais sai sai tias hauv PSAC txoj kev xav, FCST tsis muaj lub zog ua haujlwm ywj pheej, thiab yog tus thawj tswj hwm tus kws pab tswv yim. Raws li lub hauv paus no, Eisenhower tau nthuav tawm nws qhov kev pom zoo ntawm FCST. Tom qab kev sib tham los ntawm pawg thawj coj, FCST tau raug pom zoo thiab tsim nyob rau lub Peb Hlis 1959. Tib lub sijhawm, Lub Tsev Dawb tau tshaj tawm PSAC tsab ntawv ceeb toom ntawm "Strengthening American Science" raws li Peori Vaj Huam Sib Luag tshawb nrhiav.
Yog li FCST ua haujlwm li cas hauv kev xyaum? Puas yog nws ua tau raws li PSAC qhov kev cia siab rau kev tswj hwm tsoomfwv txoj cai lij choj thiab thev naus laus zis?
Cov lus teb tsuas yog hais kom sib xyaw. Ntawm qhov tod tes, vim yog kev txwv ntawm nws txoj cai los ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm thiab kev tswj hwm tus kheej tau muab rau txhua chav haujlwm los ntawm Asmeskas cov txheej txheem, FCST yeej tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis ntawm ntau lub tuam tsev muaj zog. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ntau lub tuam tsev muaj cov xwm txheej sib npaug thiab muaj peev xwm tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm FCST, yog li lawv tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog cov haujlwm ntawm lwm lub tuam tsev. Kev sib koom tes feem ntau yog ib txoj haujlwm ua tsaug, tab sis nws tseem nyuaj dua rau FCST. Tab sis ntawm qhov tod tes, txawm tias tag nrho cov kev txwv no, FCST, nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm nws cov kws pab tswv yim thiab tsim los ntawm PSAC, tau ua haujlwm rau nws lub hom phiaj. Nws tau dhau los ua qhov chaw rau kev sib pauv kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis cov cai, kev xav thiab cov ntaub ntawv hauv tsoomfwv, thiab tseem tau pab txhawb rau ntau qhov haujlwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, xws li National Materials Research Program, uas tau tsim lub hauv paus rau kev txhim kho ntawm qhov kev tshwm sim no. interdisciplinary kev qhuab qhia nyob rau hauv American universities. Tom qab ntawd nws kuj tau koom tes nrog kev txhim kho kev sib koom tes thiab kev sib koom tes nyiaj txiag hauv oceanography, atmospheric science, high-zog physics, thiab seismic research.
Feem ntau, Eisenhower qhov txwv tab sis hloov tau PSAC-FCST kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis tau hloov pauv raws li cov kev xav tau tom qab cua daj cua dub, yog li ua rau Congress's daim nqi ntawm kev tsim Ministry of Science thiab Technology kos los ntawm hauv qab. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov pab pawg hauv Congress uas yog tus saib xyuas cov peev nyiaj ntawm ntau lub tuam tsev hauv tsoomfwv tsis kam pom lawv lub hwj chim thiab lub zog tsis muaj zog los ntawm kev tsim Ministry of Science thiab Technology, yog li lawv tsis txaus siab heev txog kev tsim lub tuam txhab. Ministry of Science thiab Technology. Tab sis thaum ntxov xyoo 1960, thaum Thawj Tswj Hwm Kennedy txoj haujlwm, kev loj hlob tsis tu ncua ntawm tsoomfwv cov kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis tau ua rau Congress rov qhib qhov kev tshuaj xyuas txog kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis txoj cai, xav kom tsoomfwv txoj kev txiav txim siab ua kom pom tseeb dua. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov ntsuas ntawm Lub Chaw Haujlwm Pabcuam Kev Tshawb Fawb kuj tau nthuav dav zuj zus, ua rau nws tsis tsim nyog nyob hauv Tsev Dawb lub chaw tsim khoom.
Hauv qhov no, tsoomfwv txoj cai tswjfwm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis tau hloov kho dua tshiab: txij xyoo 1962, los ntawm kev tsim kho lub koom haum uas tsuas yog yuav tsum tau ua hauv Congress, Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb tau hloov mus rau Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Tshuab ( Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Tshuab, lossis OST), tau txav los ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Dawb ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm mus rau Lub Chaw Haujlwm ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm (Executive Office of the President), thiab tau tsim tsa los ntawm Congress, npaj cais, thiab faib ncaj qha los ntawm Congress. , kom tus thawj coj ntawm lub chaw ua haujlwm tuaj yeem mus rau Congress kom tuaj koom lub rooj sib hais thiab lees txais kev pom zoo los ntawm cov tswvcuab ntawm Congress Inquiry, yog li muab Congress thiab cov pej xeem muaj txoj hauv kev los nkag siab txog tsoomfwv txoj cai lij choj.
Ua li no, US Thawj Tswj Hwm txoj cai tswjfwm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis muaj plaub yam: Thawj Tswj Hwm Science Advisor, Thawj Tswj Hwm Science Advisory Council, Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Science thiab Technology Council, thiab Office of Science thiab Technology.
Hauv kev ua haujlwm tiag tiag, kev sib koom tes ntawm plaub qhov no tau ua tiav los ntawm kev muaj Thawj Tswj Hwm tus kws tshaj lij kev tshawb fawb tuav plaub txoj haujlwm. Ib qho ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem no yog tias cov neeg txiav txim siab ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm qib feem ntau tsis tas yuav koom nrog kev faib nyiaj tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis tshwj tsis yog rau cov haujlwm tshawb fawb loj uas muaj nqis ntau pua lab nyiaj daus las, tab sis es tsis txhob tsom mus rau kev tsim thiab kev ua raws cov cai loj. Kev faib nyiaj tshwj xeeb rau kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis yog tsim los ntawm txhua lub tuam haujlwm raws li nws tus kheej xav tau, los faib nyiaj rau nws tus kheej cov kev tshawb fawb, lossis siv cov ntawv cog lus lossis nyiaj pab rau cov tsev kawm qib siab lossis cov lag luam los pab tshawb fawb. Kev tshawb fawb siv tau feem ntau siv cov ntawv cog lus, thaum kev tshawb fawb hauv paus feem ntau siv cov nyiaj pab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog los ntawm NSF thiab National Institutes of Health (National Institutes of Health, lossis NIH) nyob rau hauv Ministry of Health Education thiab Welfare, ob qho tib si tau tsim ib qho zoo peer review system.
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Lub Evolution ntawm US Tech System
Plaub-nees txoj cai ntawm thawj tswj hwm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis txoj cai no tau raug sim hnyav thaum xyoo 1960s thiab thaum ntxov 1970s, feem ntau vim tias cov kws qhia ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm, suav nrog cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau ntawm PSAC, tawm tsam Nyab Laj Tsov Rog thiab kev tiv thaiv cov cai ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm Johnson thiab Nixon, uas coj mus rau kev tswj hwm Qhov kev sib cais nrog lub voj voog kev tshawb fawb thiab kev txawj ntse tau nce zuj zus. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub sijhawm no, tsoomfwv cov nyiaj txiag kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis kuj tau pib poob qis, uas ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm ob tog ntxiv.
Hauv 1972-1973, thaum Nixon ua tiav kev xaiv tsa rov qab los, nws thiab nws cov neeg ua haujlwm tau txiav txim siab tso tseg txoj haujlwm ntawm cov kws pab tswv yim tshawb fawb hauv lub npe ntawm kev txo lub koom haum, disband PSAC, tshem tawm OST, thiab muab cov lus qhia txog kev tshawb fawb ua tib zoo tsim. los ntawm Eisenhower thiab Kennedy nyob rau hauv ib tug poob swoop. Yuav luag puas tag, tsav cov kws tshawb fawb tawm ntawm Tsev Dawb. Tsuas yog FCST NW nyuam qhuav ciaj sia. Tom qab txoj kev npaj tau ua tiav lawm, nws tau pom tias ib tus neeg ua haujlwm hauv Tsev Dawb tseem xav tau los ua kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm kev sib pauv kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis thoob ntiaj teb, yog li tus thawj coj ntawm NSF tau raug caw los ua tus thawj tswj hwm tus kws tshaj lij kev tshawb fawb. Tab sis txoj hauj lwm ntawd tsis muaj nyob rau hauv lub npe nkaus xwb - tus kws pab tswv yim tsis tau tshaj tawm rau tus thawj tswj hwm, tab sis rau tus thawj tswj hwm tus pab cuam rau sab hauv.
Nws yog lub sijhawm no uas qee cov kws tshawb fawb tau pib xav tias tu siab me ntsis. Yog hais tias lawv tau coj kom zoo dua ntawm cov cua daj cua dub satellite los txhawb kev tsim Ministry of Science thiab Technology, nws yuav tsis yooj yim rau Nixon disband nws. Tab sis feem ntau cov kws tshawb fawb tseem tsis pom Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb yog cov lus teb, es tsis txhob ua haujlwm los tsim kho lub Tsev Dawb lub tswv yim tech thiab txoj cai. Lub National Academy of Sciences tau teeb tsa ib pawg neeg tshwj xeeb los ntawm Killian los tshawb xyuas qhov teeb meem. Pawg neeg txiav txim siab hais tias nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog ntawm technology, lub teb chaws yuav ua tsis tau yog tsis muaj ib tug muaj zog system ntawm science thiab technology advisers thiab txoj cai. Raws li kev pom zoo ntawm PSAC nyob rau lub sijhawm tom qab, Pawg Neeg Killian tsis tau hais kom rov tsim kho PSAC, tab sis tau hais kom tsim tsa pawg kws tshaj lij kev tshawb fawb xws li Council of Economic Advisors (Council of Economic Advisors, lossis CEA), nrog ntau tus kws tshawb fawb. ua haujlwm puv sijhawm ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm los tswj hwm tsoomfwv txoj cai lij choj thiab thev naus laus zis.
Tom qab Nixon tau nqis los rau xyoo 1974 vim yog qhov xwm txheej Watergate, lub tswv yim los kho cov kev qhia txog kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis tau txais kev saib xyuas ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm Ford. Txawm li cas los xij, Ford tsis kam teeb tsa pawg kws tshaj lij kev tshawb fawb zoo li CEA, thiab nws tsis xav ua kom rov tsim kho PSAC tag nrho. Pawg neeg ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb ywj pheej tsis yooj yim los tswj. Nws xav rov kho OST thiab tus thawj tswj hwm tus kws tshaj lij kev tshawb fawb, tab sis raws li cov lus qhia tau kawm los ntawm Nixon qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm OST-PSAC, nws tau tawm tswv yim tias Congress dhau daim nqi los tsim OST tshiab, kom nws cov xwm txheej yuav ruaj khov dua. Lub sijhawm no, qee cov neeg tau coj los ntawm Ministry of Science thiab Technology dua, tab sis tsis muaj ntau tus neeg txhawb nqa. Thaum kawg, xyoo 1976, Congress tau dhau los ntawm National Science thiab Technology Txoj Cai, Lub Koom Haum thiab Kev Pom Zoo Txoj Cai, rov tsim kho OST hauv Lub Chaw Haujlwm Thawj Tswj Hwm, tab sis hloov nws lub npe mus rau Office of Science thiab Technology Policy (OSTP), thiab FCST rau Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Science. , Engineering thiab Technology Coordination Committee (Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, thiab Technology, los yog FCCSET). Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, peb ntawm plaub lub tsheb thauj neeg tau pib sawv rov los, tsuas yog PSAC tsis tau rov tsim dua.
Los ntawm xyoo 1980, hu kom rov tsim kho PSAC
Lub suab tau ua haujlwm siab ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb hauv tsev kawm ntawv vam tias nws yuav txwv tsis pub muaj riam phom tshiab xws li Ronald Reagan's Star Wars program, tab sis cov kws tshawb fawb hauv kev lag luam muaj kev xav ntau dua los tsim lub tuam tsev kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis los txhawb Asmeskas kev sib tw thev naus laus zis thoob ntiaj teb. Tsis tau ua tiav. Thaum lub sij hawm Reagan tswj hwm, Pawg Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb Hauv Tsev Dawb tau tsim tiag tiag, tab sis nws qib qis dua li ntawm PSAC qub. Nws tsis yog lub luag haujlwm rau tus thawj tswj hwm, tab sis tau tshaj tawm rau tus kws pab tswv yim. Nws tsuas yog thaum lub sijhawm Bush Sr. lub sijhawm ua haujlwm uas Thawj Tswj Hwm Pawg Kws Pab Tswv Yim rau Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Tshuab (lossis PCAST) tau tsim, tsawg kawg hauv daim ntawv, rov qab mus rau qhov qub quartet hom. Hauv xyoo 1990, thaum lub sijhawm Clinton xyoo, lub kaw lus tau tweaked me ntsis ntxiv:
FCCSET tau hloov kho mus rau National Science thiab Technology Council (National Science thiab Technology Council), nrog cov thawj coj ua tswv cuab thiab tus thawj tswj hwm nws tus kheej ua tus thawj coj, los qhia txog tsoomfwv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis. Txawm hais tias muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab tsoomfwv thaum lub sijhawm Bush thiab Clinton xyoo, kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab tsoomfwv feem ntau yog qhov zoo.
Tab sis nyob rau xyoo 2000, thaum lub sij hawm tswj hwm Bush, kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab tsoomfwv tau poob rau qhov qis tshaj txij li Nixon thiab Reagan. Piv txwv li, cov kws tshawb fawb kev ywj pheej coj los ntawm Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) thuam Bush cov thawj coj rau kev siv cov kev tswj hwm kev sib raug zoo sab hauv, nrhiav kev tsis sib haum xeeb sab nraud, tsis kam ua kev ntsuas los tiv thaiv lub ntiaj teb sov sov, thiab tshem tawm Kyoto Treaty, txwv tsis pub cov kev xav ntawm ib puag ncig cov kws tshawb fawb. nyob rau hauv tsoom fwv: Tom qab 9/11 cov neeg ua phem tawm tsam hauv 2001, tso siab rau cov pov thawj tsis txaus txog Saddam riam phom ntawm kev puas tsuaj loj los tua Iraq Tsov Rog; nyob rau hauv kev xaiv lwm tus tswv cuab ntawm Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Science thiab Technology Advisory Committee Thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, nws yuav tsum tau lav kev txhawb nqa nom tswv rau Bush kom dhau qhov kev xeem. Nws tsis tau xaiv nws tus kws pab tswv yim txog kev tshawb fawb txog tom qab 9/11, thiab txo qis nws txoj haujlwm. Nws tsis yog lub luag haujlwm ncaj qha rau tus thawj tswj hwm, tab sis qhia rau tus thawj coj ntawm Tsev Dawb; Bush Jr. Kuv thov tias cov tsev kawm ntawv Asmeskas yuav tsum qhia ob qho tib si evolution thiab "kev tsim qauv ntse," uas yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim tawm raws li kev tshawb fawb. Tsis muaj qhov xav tsis thoob tias hauv kev xaiv tsa thawj tswj hwm xyoo 2004, 48 tus yeej Nobel nqi zog thiab ntau tus neeg tseem muaj sia nyob PSAC tau kos npe tawm tsam Bush Jr. rau kev xaiv tsa dua. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kev sib cav tswv yim txog tsoom fwv science thiab technology advisers thiab txoj cai, yuav luag tsis muaj leej twg tau thov kev tsim ntawm science thiab technology ministries raws li ib tug daws rau ntau yam teeb meem.
Ib yam li Asmeskas txoj cai tswjfwm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis thaum lub sijhawm Tsov Rog Txias tau tsom mus rau kev sib tw caj npab, tom qab 9/11 nws tau maj mam hloov mus tsom rau kev tawm tsam kev ua phem. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau thuam Bush cov thawj coj tsuas yog hais txog kev siv thev naus laus zis thiab tsis quav ntsej cov kev tshawb fawb hauv paus. Tsis tas li ntawd, tom qab South Coast ntawm Teb Chaws Asmeskas raug ntaus los ntawm nag xob nag cua Catalina thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 2005 thiab raug kev puas tsuaj hnyav, kev ua haujlwm ntawm tsoomfwv tau ua haujlwm qeeb, uas ua rau muaj kev rau txim ntau heev. Cov kev tshawb fawb ua ntej qhia tau hais tias ib qho ntawm cov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau kev daws teeb meem qeeb yog tias tom qab 9/11, tsoomfwv cov haujlwm pab daws teebmeem kev puas tsuaj thiab nyiaj txiag feem ntau yog siv los tiv thaiv kev ua phem, thaum kev tiv thaiv thiab kho kev puas tsuaj ntuj raug tsis quav ntsej. Lwm qhov laj thawj yog vim li cas yav dhau los Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Kev Tswj Xyuas Xwm Txheej Ceev (FEMA), uas yog tus saib xyuas kev pab cuam kev puas tsuaj, tau koom ua ke rau hauv Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg Hauv Tsev Tshiab tom qab 9/11. Nws cov xwm txheej, Cov Nyiaj Txiag thiab kev tswj hwm tau hloov pauv mus rau qhov uas nws cuam tshuam rau nws lub peev xwm los teb rau kev puas tsuaj. Qhov xwm txheej no kuj tseem yuav ceeb toom rau txhua lub chaw haujlwm tshiab, suav nrog kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, yuav raug tsim tsa yav tom ntej.
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epilogue
Cov keeb kwm ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Ministry of Science thiab Technology hauv Tebchaws Meskas kuj tuaj yeem hais tias yog keeb kwm ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm Asmeskas kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, keeb kwm ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm tsoomfwv Meskas cov txheej txheem, thiab keeb kwm ntawm kev maj mam. kev sib raug zoo ntawm niaj hnub American science thiab technology thiab kev nom kev tswv. Nyob rau hauv 100 xyoo los ntawm kev cai lij choj convention tsis kam ntawm National University nyob rau hauv 1787 mus rau Allison Committee qhov kev tsis lees paub ntawm Ministry of Science thiab Technology nyob rau hauv 1886, tsis tsuas yog lub tswv yim technology thiab kev lag luam nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States tsim tremendously, tab sis lub scientific kev tshawb fawb muaj peev xwm. ntawm tsoom hwv tsoom fwv kuj muaj zog heev. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias qhov tsis tuaj ntawm Ministry of Science thiab Technology tsis tau txhais hais tias tsoomfwv Meskas lub sijhawm ntawd tsis tau saib xyuas kev tshawb fawb, tab sis qhia ntau ntxiv txog kev txwv rau tsoomfwv hauv nruab nrab hauv keeb kwm thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, thiab qhov tseeb hais tias tsoom fwv kev tshawb fawb yuav tsum ua tib zoo ua hauj lwm rau ntau yam tswv yim ntawm tsoom fwv. Xav tau.
Nyob rau hauv ntau tshaj 200 xyoo ntawm American keeb kwm, feem ntau ntawm tsoom fwv loj kev hloov kho nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev kub ntxhov, xws li lub Department of Energy tsim nyob rau hauv 1977 teb rau lub zog ntsoog thiab lub Department of Homeland Security tsim nyob rau hauv 2002. vim 9/11.
Los ntawm qhov kev xav no, lub sijhawm zoo tshaj plaws rau kev tsim Ministry of Science thiab Technology tuaj yeem hais tias yog thaum lub Soviet satellite launched rau saum ntuj nyob rau hauv 1957, uas ua rau tag nrho lub teb chaws xav tsis thoob.
Nws ua tsis tau dua ntxiv rau cov laj thawj uas tsis yog Ellison Commission cov ntsiab lus hais tias kev tshawb fawb ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws rau tsoomfwv thiab cov pej xeem thaum nws nkag mus rau tag nrho tsoomfwv cov chaw haujlwm: Republican Thawj Tswj Hwm Eisenhower tsis kam nthuav tawm tsoomfwv; Nws xav tias nws muaj peev xwm tsim tau ib qho me me tab sis hloov tau yooj yim thiab ywj pheej ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis txoj cai thiab kev ntsuam xyuas thev naus laus zis los ntawm nws cov kws pab tswv yim science thiab pawg thawj coj saib xyuas kev tshawb fawb; Cov kws tshawb fawb tseem muaj kev ntshai tom qab McCarthyism, xav tias Ministry of science thiab thev naus laus zis yuav coj lub nra tsis tsim nyog rau kev tshawb fawb Politicization thiab centralization, tab sis ntau inclined mus rau ntau pluralistic tsoom fwv teb chaws kev tshawb fawb thiab technology nyiaj txiag system thiab txoj kev ntawm kev sib txuas lus nrog tsoom fwv sawv cev los ntawm PSAC. . Ntxiv nrog rau cov txheej txheem ntau tsoomfwv hauv Tebchaws Meskas, qhov laj thawj yog vim li cas cov peev nyiaj ntau tshaj plaws tuaj yeem pom tau yog tsoomfwv cov peev txheej loj hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis tau coj los ntawm Tsov Rog Txias, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov nyiaj ntau ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis siv. los ntawm cov tub rog nyob rau hauv universities. Txoj kev vam meej ntawm PSAC yog qhov sib cais tsis tau los ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm Eisenhower qhov xav tau ua haujlwm hnyav kom muaj kev sib tw riam phom nuclear. Yog li thoob plaws hauv Kev Tsov Rog Txias, kev sib raug zoo thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab tsoomfwv tseem tau cuam tshuam txog lawv tus cwj pwm tsis zoo rau Ministry of Science thiab Technology, uas tau cuam tshuam rau kev sib cav txog Ministry of Science thiab Technology, dhau los ua ntau qhov loj. qhov tseem ceeb uas tau cuam tshuam nws txoj kev lag luam rau kaum xyoo.
Yog li, qhov tseeb tias Tebchaws Meskas tsis tau tsim ib lub Ministry of Science thiab Technology muaj qhov zoo dua li qhov tsis zoo rau nws txoj kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis, lossis qhov tsis zoo tshaj qhov zoo?
Nws yog qhov nyuaj los muab cov lus teb meej rau lo lus nug no, vim tias keeb kwm tsis tuaj yeem rov ua nws tus kheej zoo li kev sim tshawb fawb. Tab sis qhov tseeb yog tias ntau tus kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas ntseeg tias nws cov peev txheej kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis sib txawv yog qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb vim li cas Asmeskas kev tshawb fawb tau nce hauv ib puas xyoo dhau los, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ua lub ntiaj teb tom qab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II. Txawm hais tias muaj ntau qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab tsoomfwv lub sijhawm no, thiab txawm tias muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb thaum Tsov Rog Nyab Laj thiab Bush Jr., kev lag luam muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab kev nom kev tswv ntawm Tebchaws Meskas tau txo cov kev tsis sib haum xeeb no mus rau qee yam. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm Ministry of Science thiab Technology, kev txuas ntxiv ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis txoj cai thiab kev txhim kho ruaj khov ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis tau lav. Yog tias tsis muaj kev kub ntxhov tshiab zoo li Soviet satellite, nws tau kwv yees tias qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm Tebchaws Meskas tau teeb tsa lub chaw haujlwm tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis hauv lub neej yav tom ntej yuav tsis siab heev.
